The State of European Cities Report 2016 was jointly conceived by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policies (DG REGIO) and the United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-Habitat). The State of European Cities Report was prepared jointly by the Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policies of the European Commission and the United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-Habitat) to support the Urban Agenda for the EU and the United Nations Conference for Humanity Habitations (Habitat III). The bubbles show the values of the capital metro region (red) and other metro regions (blue).
Applying the degree of urbanization to this new population grid means that all cities in the world are defined in an identical way. Overall, the degree of urbanization places 85% of the global population in urban areas, compared to only 54% in the World Urbanization Prospects. This chapter shows that Europe's cities differ from their counterparts in other parts of the world.
Demographic change
Identify an urban centre
An urban center consists of contiguous grid cells of one square kilometer with a density of at least 1,500 inhabitants per square kilometer and these contiguous cells have a total population of at least 50,000 inhabitants.
Identify the city
Identify the commuting zone
In both EU-13 and EU-15, metropolitan regions of capital cities had a higher share of the working-age population than non-. In the EU-28, the increase will be stronger in non-metropolitan regions (+4 percentage points) than in other metropolitan regions (+3 percentage points) or metropolitan regions (+2 percentage points). In most states, the capital city metro region will have the lowest increase in the 65+ share.
Note: Groningen in the Netherlands has a value of 205 (not shown) due to the presence of a natural gas industry. Various training courses in the field of mechatronics were also organized for interested parties, while the development plan - "Capacity and competitiveness of the field of mechatronics in the region of Northern Estonia and Southern Finland" - outlined the landscape of mechanical engineering and mechatronics. Although some countries, such as the Czech Republic and Hungary, may have a dense rail network (Map 3.4), the frequency and speed of services on many of these lines makes it difficult to offer an attractive alternative to car travel.
Although population size plays an important role in the success of the two largest European cities, Paris. Net migration is also expected to be negative in the low-income cities, whereas net migration in the high- and very high-income cities is estimated to be twice the EU average. The few low-income cities in the EU-15 saw their economies shrink in proportion to their populations.
Since 2000, urban employment has increased by 7%, while it has fallen in the rest of the EU. In most countries, life satisfaction is higher in cities than in the country as a whole. Cities Cities and suburbs Rural areas The size of the bubble is the proportion of the national population that lives in that area.
Cities in Bulgaria had the highest rates of severe material deprivation in the EU at 26% © Anna Hristova. Overcrowding rates are generally higher in cities than in the rest of the country, but nationally. In several large and small European cities, homelessness has increased, especially in the wake of the economic crises.
Austria has the highest proportion of public transport trips (17% in 1995 and 2005), compared to around 10% in most of the other seven countries. The fiscal system should treat the mobility budget in the same way as reimbursements for company cars or public transport. In almost all large western EU cities, the coordination of public transport services has improved between public transport types, operators and different parts of the metropolitan area.
Improvements in the quantity and quality of public transport services combined with low fares have led to significant growth in public transport use in western EU cities over the past few decades. Low access: people can easily walk to a public transport stop with less than four departures per hour. Medium access: people can easily walk to a public transport stop with between four and ten departures per hour.
Prague, capital of the Czech Republic, has significantly expanded and improved its public transport services over the past two decades, yielding rising passenger volumes and stabilizing the public transport mode share of trips. Public transport varies from city to city across the EU in terms of the scale and frequency of service. Access to public transport tends to be better in large cities, but large differences remain between cities.
The widespread Verkehrsbünde in Austria, Germany and Switzerland provide good examples of the full integration of public transport routes, timetables and fares within metropolitan regions (Buehler and Pucher.
This ratio will increase if urban land use grows faster than population (extensification) and will decrease if urban land grows slower than population (intensification). Second, the data needed to calculate this indicator can also be used to estimate the amount of urban land per capita, which can be referred to as a 'Land Use Efficiency Indicator'. Monitoring how this indicator changes over time shows whether cities are intensifying or expanding their land use.
A closer look reveals that in cities where population has declined over the same period, land use efficiency has also declined. Measuring this change at the functional urban area (FUA) level shows that 27% (of 238 FUAs with available data) increased their land use efficiency. For example, the framework for monitoring SDG 11 (UN-HABITAT 2016) suggests the following: 'Urban agglomeration includes urban (built-up density above 50 percent) and suburban areas (built-up density between 50 and 10 percent).
This report uses the city boundaries and the city plus its commuter zone boundaries to monitor changes in land use. The European Urban Atlas provides reliable, comparable, high-resolution land use maps for all European cities and their commuting zones for the reference years 2006 and 2012. By using a population grid and data on artificially sealed areas, a more detailed picture of land use per capita was possible.
The higher land use efficiency of cities is related to higher neighborhood density and more destinations within walking or cycling distance.
In 2010, international shipping within European seas contributed an estimated additional 15% of total PM2.5 emissions and an additional 50% of total NOx in the EU-28. Many EU environmental laws and other initiatives exist to protect and improve the quality of the urban environment. The annual climate summit during its 21st session of the Conference of Parties (COP21) in Paris in 2015 underlined the importance of limiting global temperature rise to within 1.5 degrees Celsius.
Through the establishment of transnational networks such as the Covenant of Mayors (see Box 7.4) and the C40 network of the world's megacities committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions (which include the European cities of Athens, Barcelona, Berlin, Copenhagen, London, Madrid, Milan and Warsaw among others ), cities play an active role in discussing and dealing with climate change-related issues. While almost all cities in some countries have a climate change plan (e.g. 93% of UK cities sampled), cities in other countries are less prepared (e.g. only 43% of French cities sampled) (Reckien et al. 2014). Overall, only 25% of the 200 cities sampled had both adaptation and mitigation plans in place and had set quantitative targets for emission reductions (Reckien et al. 2014).
One of the priorities in the EU's adaptation strategy is to support adaptation in cities through the Covenant of Mayors initiative. Stakeholders from local, regional and national level are invited to participate in the development and implementation of the EU's adaptation strategy. The EU's adaptation strategy may be revised in 2018 with a view to strengthening it, if necessary, in light of the relevant international processes and in particular the consequences of the Paris Agreement.
In 2015, the Commission launched a new integrated Convention of Mayors for Climate and Energy, building on the experience of the Convention of Mayors and Adapt Mayors.
CO 2 reduction targets for 2020 by city, 2016
Over the past twenty years, Cohesion Policy has helped to increase public investment, including investment by local authorities in many of the central and eastern EU countries. Organizational autonomy – the extent to which local authorities are able to decide aspects of their political system and their own administration;. To strengthen the role of cities in Cohesion Policy, the 2014-2020 period introduced: (1) segregated funding for investment in cities, managed directly by cities; (2) integrated territorial investments' for the easier combination of financial support from different funds and programs that support development strategies aimed at functional urban areas (FUA) through 'integrated territorial investments';. 3) the establishment of an Urban Development Network to assist cities in the implementation of their Cohesion Policy-funded actions;.
Scope of policies – the range of functions or tasks in which municipalities are effectively involved in the provision of services, either through their financial resources and/or through their staff;. Central or regional control – the importance given to municipalities within the state and the extent to which municipalities are controlled by the highest levels of the state;. Effective political discretion – the range of tasks on which the local government has a say and if it enjoys a clause of general competence; and.
The mayor (burgemeester) presides over the municipal council and the collegium of the mayor and councillors. The mayor (Alcade) is the head of the local government council and is elected by the other members of the local council. In some countries, local authorities now manage a smaller share of public investment than in the past.
Regarding public transport, 75% of respondents were satisfied with the quality of service in half of the cities surveyed.
