Buena fe diligencia

No. Treatment Overall Acceptability Scores Mean SD 1 TO 6.28 1.3 2 V1T1 5.48 2.0 3 V1T2 4.80 1.6 4 V1T3 5.04 1.5 5 V2T1 5.56 1.4 6 V2T2 6.04 1.2 7 V2T3 6.80 1.1 8 V3T1 7.00 1.0 9 V3T2 6.36 1.6 10 V3T3 5.68 1.1 F-Test 6.45* SE± 0.5079 CD 1.4078

* Significant at 5% Level, SE: Standard error, CD: Critical difference

The above table 4, reveals the mean sensory scores of overall acceptability of the developed products. Results indicated that the highest overall acceptability score was found in V3T1

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(7.0±1.0) followed by V2T3 (6.80±1.1) and V3T2 (6.36±1.6). However, the least score was found in V1T2 (4.80±1.6). Statistical analysis of the data indicated that the overall acceptability mean scores between all the variations was found to be significant at 5% level (F=6.45*). It depicts that the sensory score was slightly declined when Quinoa was incorporated in higher amounts (40-50%) in the protein shake. A study was conducted by (Diaz et al.,) 2015 where it was examined the impact of Andean grains like Quinoa on the sensory and physical properties of corn-based extruded snacks, it stated that incorporation of up to 35% quinoa was acceptable.

Table 4

Proximate and Mineral Composition

Nutrients Control (T0) V3T1 Mean±SD Mean±SD Total Ash% 77.07±0.19 86.92±0.12 Moisture % 0.87±0.002 0.71±0.002 Protein (g) 19.66±0.05 21.56±0.05 Fat (g) 3.41±0.01 4.00±0.01

Total Dietary fibre (g) 11.37±0.02 23.90±0.05

Iron (mg) 1.79±0.005 4.90±0.05

On the basis of sensory evaluation, T0 (control) and the most acceptable variation V3T1 having the composition (40:30:30:5) of skimmed milk powder, quinoa, ragi malt and watermelon seeds respectively, were analysed for their proximate and mineral composition.

The above table 4 depicts that V3T1 has higher nutritive value when compared to T0 (control). The protein, fat, dietary fibre, and iron content was increased in V3T1 as compared to T0 (control), this is due to incorporation of functional ingredients quinoa and watermelon seeds.

CONCLUSION

Of all the variations, the most acceptable variation V3T1 had the highest mean sensory score for texture (6.80±1.0), taste (6.64±1.2) and overall acceptability (7.0±1.0). It was found to be nutrient rich, having macro and micro nutrient content (Total Ash%=86.92±0.12, Moisture%=0.71±0.002, Protein=21.56±0.05, Fat=4.00±0.01, Dietary fibre=23.90±0.05 and Iron=4.90±0.05). The protein shake developed being gluten-free, vegetarian and economical can serve to a wider range of population. Hence, it was concluded that the protein shake could be recommended for supplementation to protein deficit groups and the ones with increased protein requirement.

REFERENCES

AOAC Official methods of analysis (2000)

Bianchi, F., Rossi, E. A., Gomes, R. G., & Sivieri, K. (2015). Potentially synbiotic fermented beverage with aqueous extracts of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and soy. Food Science and Technology International, 21(6), 403-415.

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Curti, c. A., Vidal, p. M., Curti, r. N., & Ramón, a. N. (2017). Chemical characterization, texture and consumer acceptability of yogurts supplemented with quinoa flour. Food science and technology, 37(4), 627-631.

Desai, A. D., Kulkarni, S. S., Sahoo, A. K., Ranveer, R. C., & Dandge, P. B. (2010). Effect of supplementation of malted ragi flour on the nutritional and sensorial quality characteristics of cake. Adv J Food Sci Technol, 2(1), 67-71.

Deţelak, M., Zarnkow, M., Becker, T., & Košir, I. J. (2014). Processing of bottom‐fermented gluten‐free beer‐like beverages based on buckwheat and quinoa malt with chemical and sensory characterization. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 120(4), 360-370.

Diaz, J. M. R., Suuronen, J. P., Deegan, K. C., Serimaa, R., Tuorila, H., & Jouppila, K. (2015). Physical and sensory characteristics of corn-based extruded snacks containing amaranth, quinoa and kañiwa flour. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 64(2), 1047-1056.

Jeukendrup, A., & Cronin, L. (2011). Nutrition and elite young athletes. In The Elite Young Athlete (Vol. 56, pp. 47-58). Karger Publishers.

Jones, L. V., Peryam, D. R., & Thurstone, L. L. (1955). Development of a scale for measuring soldiers‘ food preferences. Journal of Food Science, 20(5), 512-520.

Kato, H., Suzuki, K., Bannai, M., & Moore, D. R. (2016). Protein requirements are elevated in endurance athletes after exercise as determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation method. PloS one, 11(6), e0157406.

Murphy, C. H., Hector, A. J., & Phillips, S. M. (2015). Considerations for protein intake in managing weight loss in athletes. European journal of sport science, 15(1), 21-28.

Repo‐Carrasco‐Valencia, R. A., Encina, C. R., Binaghi, M. J., Greco, C. B., & Ronayne de Ferrer, P. A. (2010). Effects of roasting and boiling of quinoa, kiwicha and kañiwa on composition and availability of minerals in vitro. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90(12), 2068-2073.

UNICEF, Progress for Children Beyond Averages: Learning from the MDGs,New York, 2015 Vega‐Gálvez, A., Miranda, M., Vergara, J., Uribe, E., Puente, L., & Martínez, E. A. (2010). Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.), an ancient Andean grain: a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90(15), 2541-2547. Wisconsin Center for Dairy Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, California Polytechnic State University & Proliant, Inc. ©2014 U.S. Dairy Export Council. ‗Standard formula‘

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A s i a n J o u r n a l o f

M u l t i d i m e n s i o n a l

R e s e a r c h

( A J M R )

ROLE OF NUTRITION IN THE HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE

SELECTED HIV INFECTED CHILDREN

K.Rini madhuri*; Dr. PL.Sri Devi sivakami**

*Research Scholar,

**Associate Professor,

Department of Food Service Management and Dietetics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and

Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, INDIA.

______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT

The devastating demographic social and economic impact of HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to pose a huge challenge and burden to the world; since its emergence over 25years ago. In the last quarter of a century human immuno deficiency virus infection and acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become a global health, social and economical concern. The HIV/AIDS is not confined to any one class, community, religion, age group, sex or profession. According to Indian Health Organization (IHO), women and children are believed to be more prone to AIDS. Many children experience early and devastating effects of HIV on the nervous system, with loss of developmental milestones or abilities and motor problems such as spasticity. The present study was carried out in fifty HIV infected children from Coimbatore district. Socio-demographic characteristics of the children, anthropometric data such as body weight, height, BMI were calculated. In order to assess the holistic development of the children nutritional assessment, tests for cognitive emotional and social development were also carried out. The prevalence of underweight was 8% & 26%, risk of underweight was 10% & 6%, normal weight was 16%& 30%, and overweight was 2% among boys and girls respectively. The type of treatment undergone by the selected children was antiretroviral therapy, 32% and 56% among boys and girls respectively. Tests for evaluating the various developments were carried out and they revealed the following – the emotional developments scores reveals that the boys (36%) had good emotional balance whereas the girls (16%) had a very good emotional balance. In tests for cognition out of the 50 boys and girls, only 10 percent of boys and 16% of girls were able to reproduce the picture exactly the same. The social development among boys and girls was good. The role of nutrition in responding to AIDS is limited, eating a balanced diet does not prevent

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HIV infection, does not cure AIDS whereas poor nutritional status in contrast contributes to the more rapid onset of body wasting and other symptoms, leading to sticker demise.

KEYWORDS:Demographic, Reproduce, Devastating, Symptoms,

_________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION

The devastating demographic social and economic impact of HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to pose a huge challenge and burden to the world; since its emergence over 25years ago. In the last quarter of a century human immuno deficiency virus infection and acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS) have become a global health, social and economical concern 1. UNAIDS (2011) estimates that globally 3.4 million children under the age of fourteen years are living with HIV infection, children under the age of 0-14 years who were newly infected with HIV in 2011 are 330,000 and the number of children who were under the age of 0-14 years who died due to AIDS were 23,000.In India approximately 220,000 children are infected with HIV out of 200 million children in 2011 2 . Many children experience early and devastating effects of HIV on the nervous system, with loss of developmental milestones or abilities and motor problems such as spasticity. Other children, especially those who were infected later in childhood or adolescence, had a slower progression of the disease with more subtle cognitive symptoms but could also develop severe central nervous system disease in the end stages of their illness. There is still concern, however, some children and adolescents with HIV may have subtle cognitive problems that will have a greater impact as they face more complex educational, social and occupational tasks, particularly with transition to adulthood3 . Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) frequently results in a progressive debilitating and eventually fatal disease like AIDS. The infection with HIV-1 is characterized by various patterns of the disease progression among the patients, some HIV infected patients are still asymptomatic after fifteen or more years of infection but some patients develop AIDS within two years 4. HIV can be transmitted from a mother living with HIV to her child but not all infants born to HIV mothers will have the HIV virus. Without using anti-retroviral (ART) drugs and appropriate feeding, approximately 25-30 percent of infants born to HIV mothers would acquire HIV. Such transmission rates can be reduced to 28 percent if a mother receives ARV before and during delivery and her newborn also receive the drugs within 1-6 weeks after delivery 5 .The role of nutrition in responding to AIDS is limited, eating a balanced diet does not prevent HIV infection, does not cure AIDS. A poor nutritional status in contrast contributes to the more rapid onset of body wasting and other symptoms, leading to sticker demise 6

METHODOLOGY

1. Research Design: Study constituting of HIV infected children between the age group of 6-18 years of age. Independent variables including age of the child, sex of the child, parents‘ education, and religion, dietary patterns which included food habits, and diet during illness and various everyday practices were investigated.

2. Conduct of the Study: This study was conducted in the rural communities of Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu. A total of 50 HIV infected children were recruited from an orphanage of which 36% constituted of boys and 64% of girls.

3. Data Collection and Body Measurements: The demographic measurements were collected; a well constructed systematic questionnaire was framed and administered in the study. Child

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anthropometric data such as body weight, height, BMI (percentile) were measured and calculated. The weight was measured in kilograms, height in centimeters and BMI was calculated by the formula body weight in kegs / height in m2. Dietary intake in the past three days was determined by a food frequency questionnaire.

4. Conducting various studies for evaluating the holistic development: Tests for cognitive, social and emotional development was carried out using the various standardized questionnaires and tests.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Anthropometry Assessment of the Selected Respondents

Anthropometry is the universally applicable inexpensive and non-invasive method available to assess the composition and fat distribution of the human body. It reflects both health and nutritional status of the selected population. Among the various anthropometric measurements, height, weight BMI, head circumference and chest circumference were adopted .

TABLE 1

BMI WISE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SELECTED HIV INFECTED CHILDREN