Críticas al forzamiento de la acusación

fants and young children ages 1 month to 42 months. Test stimuli, such as form boards, blocks, shapes, household ob- jects (e.g., utensils), and other common items, are used to engage the child in specific tasks of increasing difficulty and elicit particular responses. The Bayley scales currently have five components. Tasks from the Mental scale are de- signed to evaluate such functions as perception, memory, and learning; those from the Motor scale measure gross and fine motor abilities, such as crawling, sitting, grasping, and object manipulation. The Behavior Rating scale (for- merly called the Infant Behavior Record) contains detailed descriptions of specific categories of behavior that are graded on a 5-point scale. It supplements the Mental and Motor scales and provides an assessment of overall atten- tion and arousal, orientation and engagement, emotion regulation, and motor quality. The final two components, the Social–Emotional scale and the Adaptive Behavior scale, use questionnaires to obtain parent or caregiver per- ceptions of their child’s development. The Bayley scales were originally published in 1969 and subsequently re- vised in 1993; the most recent version is the Bayley–III, published in 2005. [developed by Nancy bayley]

BBB/G syndrome

see opitzg/bbbsyndrome.

BBS

acronym for bardet–biedlsyndrome.

B cell

see lymphocyte.

BCI

abbreviation for brain–computerinterface.

Bcl-2

n. a family of genes whose protein products regulate

programmedcelldeath.

B coefficient

see regressioncoefficient.

B-cognition

n. see beingcognition.

BCS

abbreviation for battered-childsyndrome.

BDAE

abbreviation for Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Exami- nation. See bostonnamingtest.

BDD

abbreviation for bodydysmorphicdisorder.

BDI

abbreviation for beckdepressioninventory.

BDNF

abbreviation for brain-derivedneurotrophicfac-

tor.

BDS

abbreviation for blesseddementiascale.

BEAM

abbreviation for brainelectricalactivitymap- ping.

beat

n. 1. a periodic change in loudness produced by su- perimposing two tones with similar frequencies. For exam- ple, the loudness of a 500 Hz tone and a 503 Hz tone when sounded together will fluctuate three times per second— the beat rate. 2. the periodic change in amplitude pro- duced by superimposing two sinusoidal signals that are relatively close in frequency. See also roughness.

beating fantasy

in the classical psychoanalysis of Sig-

mund freud, a male or female child’s fantasy of being beaten by his or her father or mother. For both sexes, the fantasy is interpreted as an expression of the child’s oedipal desires toward the father and is said to be based on the child’s belief that the father beats the mother in the primal scene. Thus, the fantasy of being beaten provides sexual arousal.

Bechara Gambling Task

see iowagamblingtask.

Beck Anxiety Inventory

(BAI) a 21-item self-report

measure used to assess the severity of anxiety in adults and to discriminate anxiety from depression. [Aaron T. beck]

Beck Depression Inventory

(BDI) a self-report ques-

tionnaire designed to assess the severity of depressive symptoms in adolescents and adults. Extensively used in both clinical and research settings, it consists of 21 item groups, each of which includes four statements of increas- ing severity. Each group reflects a symptom or attitude as- sociated with depression (e.g., loss of energy, self-dislike), and each statement has a numerical value from 0 to 3. Participants choose the statement within each group that most accurately reflects how they have felt within the past 2 weeks. The BDI was originally published in 1961; the most recent version is the BDI–II, published in 1996. [Aaron T. beck and colleagues]

Beck Hopelessness Scale

(BHS) a scale of 20 true–

false statements used to predict suicide risk by measuring an individual’s attitudes about the future, loss of motiva- tion, and expectations. [Aaron T. beck]

Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation

(BSS) a measure of

the necessity for detailed questioning about a patient’s in- tentions, administered to patients who are considered to be at risk of suicide. [Aaron T. beck]

Beck therapy

see cognitivetherapy. [Aaron T. beck]

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome

a growth disor-

der marked by enlarged tongue, large abdominal hernia, and enlarged viscera. Newborns may be born with an om-

Bedlam

B

phalocele (an opening in the wall of the abdomen) and de- velop hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Although children with this disorder are at increased risk for developing can- cer, the majority reach adulthood with normal height and intelligence. The cause is usually unknown, but up to 15% of cases occur in families with more than one affected member. In those cases, it appears to be an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and involves genes lo- cated on the short arm of chromosome 11 (locus 11p15). [described in the 1960s by John Bruce Beckwith

(1933– ), U.S. physician, and Hans Rudolf Wiedemann

(1915–2006), German pediatrician]

Bedlam

n. the popular name for the Hospital of Saint

Mary of Bethlehem in Bishopsgate, London, founded as a monastery in 1247 and converted into an asylum for the insane by Henry VIII in 1547. Many of the inmates were in a state of frenzy, and as they were shackled, starved, beaten, and exhibited to the public for a penny a look, gen- eral turmoil prevailed. The word itself thus became synon- ymous with wild confusion or frenzy. Sometimes the term

bedlamism was used for psychotic behavior, and the term

bedlamite for a psychotic individual.

bed-sharing

n. a type of cosleeping in which an infant

or young child sleeps with one or both parents in the same bed. Bed-sharing with infants is discouraged by the Ameri- can Academy of Pediatrics and the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission because of the associated safety haz- ards and increased risk of sudden infant death syn-

drome. Also called family bed. Compare cobedding.

bedsore

n. see pressureulcer.

bed-wetting

n. the involuntary discharge of urine dur-

ing sleep. Bed-wetting is considered problematic if it occurs in children older than 4 or 5 years of age; it is twice as common in boys. Also called sleep enuresis. See also

eliminationdisorder; enuresis.

bee communication

the use of a set pattern of move-

ments by a bee to communicate to other bees the direction and approximate distance to a source of food or a nest site. It comprises both a round dance and a waggle dance in the form of a figure 8; the intensity of these dances communi- cates the relative quality of a resource. The direction of the straight portion of the waggle dance with respect to grav- ity in the hive indicates the direction of the resource with respect to the sun. This dancing language is often cited as an example of bees’ ability to communicate about objects distant in time and space, but alternative explanations sug- gest that other signals (e.g., odors) are equally important in locating food sources.

before–after design

see pretest–posttestdesign.

begging

n. a series of vocalizations, often accompanied

by mouth or bill opening, used by young nonhuman ani- mals to entice their parents to feed them. In some species, each offspring has a distinct, individual form of begging that is used by parents for offspring recognition. Parents often give more food to the offspring with the most intense form of begging. In courtship, some adult females engage in begging, receiving food from a potential mate and in some cases reducing the male’s aggression.

behavior

n. 1. an organism’s activities in response to ex-

ternal or internal stimuli, including objectively observable activities, introspectively observable activities (see covert behavior), and nonconscious processes. 2. more restric- tively, any action or function that can be objectively ob-

served or measured in response to controlled stimuli. Historically, behaviorists contrasted objective behavior with mental activities, which were considered subjective and thus unsuitable for scientific study. See behaviorism.

—behavioral adj.

behavioral activation

an intervention that explicitly

aims to increase an individual’s engagement in valued life activities through guided goal setting to bring about im- provements in thoughts, mood, and quality of life.

behavioral approach system

(BAS) in reinforce-

mentsensitivitytheory, the physiological mechanism be- lieved to control appetitive motivation. It is theorized to be sensitive to signals of reward, nonpunishment, and escape from punishment. Activity in this system causes the indi- vidual to begin (or to increase) movement toward goals. It has also been held that this system is responsible for the ex- perience of positive feelings such as hope, elation, and hap- piness in response to these signals and that having a strong or chronically active BAS tends to result in extraversion. Also called behavioral activation system. Compare be- havioralinhibitionsystem. [described by British psychol- ogist Jeffrey Alan Gray (1934–2004)]

behavioral approach task

(BAT) an assessment

technique that observes an individual approach a feared situation until he or she is unable to go further. The BAT is used to assess levels of avoidance and fear of specific situa- tions associated with phobias. It may also be used to cor- roborate information obtained in the clinicalinterview

and to measure treatment progress and outcome. Variables that can be measured using the BAT include physical symptoms (e.g., increased heart rate), escape or avoidance strategies, and subjective ratings of fear. Also called be-

havioral approach test; behavioral avoidance test.

behavioral assessment

the systematic study and eval-

uation of an individual’s behavior using a wide variety of techniques, including direct observation, interviews, and self-monitoring. When used to identify patterns indicative of disorder, the procedure is called behavioral diagnosis

and is essential in deciding upon the use of specific behav- ioral or cognitive behavioral interventions.

behavioral avoidance test

see behavioralapproach

task.

behavioral baseline

a steady state of behavior

against which the effects of introducing an independent variable may be compared. For example, a child may throw between six and eight tantrums per week over the course of several weeks. This level of tantrums could then serve as a behavioral baseline to assess the effectiveness of a treatment regimen. Also called behavior baseline.

behavioral cardiology

see cardiacpsychology.

behavioral coaching

the act of assisting an individual

to change cognitive or physical behavior, or both, through demonstration, observation, and feedback.

behavioral confirmation

the process by which the

actions of one person (the target) come to reinforce the ex- pectations of another person (the perceiver) during the course of their social interaction. Behavioral confirmation processes are used to explain how expectations and beliefs, including stereotypes, come to affect reality. It is often considered a special case of the self-fulfillingprophecy

or expectancyeffect, but behavioral confirmation differs from these terms primarily in emphasizing that the target’s actual elicited behavior serves to confirm the perceiver’s in-

In document EL FORZAMIENTO DE LA ACUSACIÓN: LOS SUJETOS INTERVINIENTES Y FINES DE LA INSTITUCIÓN (página 114-120)