Ejercicio de la acción penal pública

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temporary or permanent, it may be due to physiological factors such as injury or disease (organic amnesia), to sub- stance use (drug-induced amnesia), or to psychological fac- tors such as a traumatic experience (see dissociative amnesia). A disturbance in memory marked by inability to learn new information is called anterograde amnesia, and one marked by inability to recall previously learned infor- mation or past events is called retrograde amnesia. When severe enough to interfere markedly with social or occupa- tional functioning or to represent a significant decline from a previous level of functioning, the memory loss is known as amnesticdisorder. —amnesiac adj., n. —amnesic or

amnestic adj.

amnesic syndrome

see amnesticdisorder.

amnestic aphasia

see anomicaphasia.

amnestic apraxia

an inability to remember and there-

fore carry out a command, although there is no loss of ability to perform the task. Also called amnesic apraxia.

amnestic disorder

in DSM–IV–TR, a disturbance in

memory marked by inability to learn new information (an- terograde amnesia) or to recall previously learned informa- tion or past events (retrograde amnesia) that is severe enough to interfere markedly with social or occupational functioning or represents a significant decline from a previ- ous level of functioning. A distinction is made between am- nestic disorder due to a general medical condition,

substance-induced persisting amnestic disorder, and

amnestic disorder not otherwise specified. The first of these can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as head injury, anoxia, herpes-simplex encephalitis, and posterior cerebral artery stroke, resulting in lesions in spe- cific brain regions, including the medialtemporal lobe

and the diencephalon, and their connections with various cortical areas. It may be transient, lasting from several hours to no more than a month (see also transient globalamnesia), or chronic (lasting more than 1 month). In DSM–5, amnestic disorder, along with dementia, has been subsumed into the category major neurocognitive dis- order and is no longer considered a distinct entity. Formally called amnesic (or amnestic) syndrome.

amniocentesis

n. a method of examining fetal chromo-

somes for any abnormality or for determination of sex. A hollow needle is inserted through the mother’s abdominal wall into the uterus, enabling collection of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal cells. Compare chorionicvillussam- pling; percutaneousumbilicalcordbloodsampling.

amniotic sac

the fluid-filled membrane that encases and

protects the embryo of a bird, reptile, or mammal.

amobarbital

n. an intermediate-acting, rapidly excreted

barbiturate that was formerly used as a sedative and hyp- notic. Like other barbiturates, its toxicity has led to its clini- cal eclipse by safer agents, such as the benzodiazepines. Amobarbital abuse can result in addiction, stupor, and death. It was occasionally used to conduct interviews (Amytal interviews) designed to elicit unconscious material from patients, as well as information that was consciously withheld. Such interviews were also used in attempting to distinguish between patients who were malingering and those who had a bona fide conversion disorder. Due to nu- merous legal and ethical issues surrounding amobarbital interviews, in addition to the medical risks associated with administration of barbiturates, such techniques are no longer acceptable in modern clinical practice. U.S. trade name: Amytal.

amok

(amuck) n. a culture-boundsyndrome observed

among males in Malaysia, the Philippines, and other parts of southeast Asia. The individual experiences a period of social withdrawal and apathy, before making a violent, un- provoked attack on nearby individuals. The aggressor even- tually collapses from exhaustion and afterward has no memory of the event. Also called mata elap. See also mal depelea.

amorphagnosia

(amorphognosia) n. see tactileag-

nosia.

amorphosynthesis

n. a disturbance in the ability to

synthesize multiple sensory inputs from a particular side of the body, with the right side most commonly affected. The condition is usually a sign of a lesion in the left parietal lobe of the brain.

amotivational syndrome

a behavior pattern charac-

terized by loss of drive and initiative. It is commonly seen in schizophrenia. The pattern is also believed to be associated with cannabisabuse, based on anecdotal observations of the lifestyles of chronic cannabis users in various cultures around the world. There is, however, little empirical sup- port for this association. See anhedonia.

amount of masking

see auditorymasking.

amoxapine

n. an antidepressant, one of the secondary

amine tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), that inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. It may also have antipsychotic activity. Amoxapine may cause ex- trapyramidalsymptoms and tardivedyskinesia but is less associated with anticholinergic side effects than are other TCAs. U.S. trade name: Asendin.

AMP

abbreviation for affectmisattributionprocedure.

AMPA

abbreviation for alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-me- thyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid: an agonist that binds to AMPA receptors.

AMPA receptor

a type of glutamate receptor that

binds AMPA as well as glutamate. AMPA receptors are cou- pled to ligand-gatedionchannels and are responsible for most of the activity at synapses where glutamate is the neurotransmitter. Compare nmdareceptor.

amphetamine

n. a cns stimulant, closely related in

structure and activity to ephedrine (see ephedra), that is the prototype of the group of drugs known as the amphet-

amines. Amphetamine is a chiral molecule, composed of two stereoisomers (mirror images): levoamphetamine and

dextroamphetamine. Specific amphetamines may be race- mic mixtures of both stereoisomers. U.S. trade name: Ben- zedrine.

amphetamine abuse

in DSM–IV–TR, a pattern of use

of amphetamines or amphetamine-like substances that is marked by recurrent significant adverse consequences re- lated to the repeated ingestion of these substances. This di- agnosis is preempted by the diagnosis of amphetamine dependence: If the criteria for amphetamine abuse and amphetamine dependence are both met, only the latter di- agnosis is given. In DSM–5, however, both have been com- bined into one category, stimulantusedisorder, and are no longer considered distinct diagnoses. See also sub- stanceabuse.

amphetamine dependence

in DSM–IV–TR, repeated

or continued use of an amphetamine or amphetamine-like substance despite significant substance-related behavioral, physiological, and psychosocial problems, with or without

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tolerance or characteristic symptoms if use is suspended (see amphetamine withdrawal). In DSM–5, ampheta- mine dependence has been combined with amphetamine abuse into a single disorder, and neither is considered a dis- tinct diagnosis any longer (see stimulantusedisorder). See also substancedependence.

amphetamine-induced psychotic disorder

a con-

dition marked by paranoid delusions due to the direct phys- iological effects of an amphetamine or amphetamine-like substance. The delusions can continue as long as the use of these substances continues and might persist for weeks or months after withdrawal from the substances has been completed. Also called amphetamine psychosis.

amphetamine intoxication

a reversible syndrome

caused by the recent ingestion of amphetamines or am- phetamine-like substances. It is characterized by behav- ioral or psychological changes (e.g., aggressive behavior, impaired judgment, suspiciousness, paranoia), as well as one or more signs of physiological involvement (e.g., un- steady gait, impairment in attention or memory). The equivalent term in DSM–5 is stimulant intoxication. See also substanceintoxication.

amphetamine intoxication delirium

in DSM–IV–

TR and DSM–5, a reversible syndrome that develops over a

short period of time (usually hours to days) following the heavy ingestion of amphetamines or amphetamine-like substances. The features include disturbed consciousness (e.g., reduced ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention) and changes in cognition (e.g., memory deficit, disorienta- tion, or language disturbance) in excess of those usually associated with amphetamineintoxication. See also sub- stanceintoxicationdelirium.

amphetamine psychosis

see amphetamine-induced

psychoticdisorder.

amphetamines

pl. n. a group of synthetic drugs (substi-

tuted phenylethylamines) that stimulate the reticular formation in the brain and cause a release of stored nor- epinephrine. The effect is a prolonged state of arousal and relief from feelings of fatigue (see cns stimulant). Am- phetamines were introduced in 1932 for a variety of clini- cal uses. During World War II, they were widely dispensed to combat soldiers to enable them to remain alert for peri- ods of up to 60 hours. tolerance develops progressively with continued use until the individual reaches a point of exhaustion and sleeps continuously for several days. am- phetamineabuse can result in dependence and a well-de- fined state of psychosis (see amphetamine dependence;

amphetamine-induced psychotic disorder). Although widely used in the past for weight loss, relief of depression, and other indications, modern use of amphetamines is more circumscribed because of their adverse effects. They are now used mainly in short- and long-acting prepara- tions to manage symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactiv- ity disorder and to treat certain cases of severe depression or narcolepsy, and they still maintain a military use in the management of fatigue. Amphetamines include ampheta-

mine itself (the prototype), dextroamphetamine, and

methamphetamine. Related drugs, with a similar mode of action but different molecular structure, include methyl-

phenidate. In addition, some forms and derivatives (includ- ing dom, mda, and mdma) have been manufactured as recreational hallucinogenic drugs.

amphetamine withdrawal

in DSM–IV–TR, a charac-

teristic withdrawal syndrome that develops after cessation

of (or reduction in) prolonged, heavy consumption of an amphetamine or amphetamine-like substance. The essen- tial characteristic is depressed mood, sometimes severe, and there may also be fatigue, disturbed sleep, increased appetite, vivid and unpleasant dreams, or psychomotor retardation or agitation, or all of these features. Marked withdrawal symptoms (see crash) often follow an episode of intense, high-dose use. The equivalent term in DSM–5 is

stimulant withdrawal. See also substancewithdrawal.

amphi-

prefix 1. uncertain or unclear. 2. on both sides or

of both kinds.

amplification effect

see dilutioneffect.

amplitude

n. magnitude or extent (e.g., of a stimulus) or

peak value (e.g., of a sinusoid wave).

amplitude distortion

a hearing disorder in which loud

sounds are distorted or misjudged.

amplitude modulation

see modulation.

amplitude of light wave

the maximum deviation of a

wave of light from its median intensity. The greater the am- plitude of a light wave, the brighter it appears.

amplitude spectrum

see soundspectrum.

AMPT

abbreviation for alpha-methylparatyrosine.

ampulla

n. (pl. ampullae) any saclike enlargement of a

duct or passageway. Ampullae located at each end of the

semicircularcanals of the inner ear contain haircells

that help maintain balance.

amputation

n. the surgical or traumatic removal of a

limb or other appendage from the body. Surgical amputa- tion generally is performed as a life-saving measure follow- ing an injury, to prevent the spread of a malignant tumor or gangrene, or to remove a body part that no longer has adequate blood circulation (e.g., as a result of diabetes or severe frostbite).

amputation fetish

see acrotomophilia.

amputee identity disorder

see bodyintegrityiden-

titydisorder.

Amsterdam criteria

the classic criteria for identifying

a family with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome. The criteria are characterized by a 3-2-1 paradigm: To meet the criteria of HNPCC, a family must have at least 3 patients with colon cancer, one of whom is a first-degree relative of the other, in at least 2 generations, with an age of onset before age 50 in at least 1 patient. See also mlh1; msh2.

Amsterdam dwarf disease

see cornelia de lange

syndrome.

amuck

n. see amok.

amurakh

n. a culture-bound syndrome observed

among Siberian women and characterized by compulsive mimicking of other people’s words or behaviors. See also

latah.

amusia

n. loss of musical ability, usually associated with

lesions in one or both of the temporallobes. The inability to reproduce melodies is called motor (or expressive) amu- sia, and the inability to recognize and appreciate various characteristics of musical tones and sequences is called

sensory (or receptive) amusia. The latter is also considered a type of auditoryagnosia.

In document EL FORZAMIENTO DE LA ACUSACIÓN: LOS SUJETOS INTERVINIENTES Y FINES DE LA INSTITUCIÓN (página 37-42)