CAPÍTULO 4: EL FORZAMIENTO DE LA ACUSACIÓN
4.1. Origen del Forzamiento de la Acusación
tation
see conventionallevel.authority complex
a pattern of emotionally chargedconcepts of authority that are partially or completely re- pressed. To satisfy an unconscious need for authority, a person projects power onto certain other people (see pro- jection) and experiences inferiority in their presence. Therefore, reactions to authority often take the form of oversubmission.
authority relations
see statusrelations.autism
n. 1. a neurodevelopmental disorder character-ized by markedly impaired social interactions and verbal and nonverbal communication; narrow interests; and re- petitive behavior. Manifestations and features of the disor- der appear before age 3 but vary greatly across children according to developmental level, language skills, and chronological age. They may include a lack of awareness of the feelings of others, impaired ability to imitate, ab- sence of social play, abnormal speech, abnormal nonverbal communication, and a preference for maintaining environ- mental sameness. Classified in DSM–IV–TR as a pervasive developmentaldisorder, autism has been subsumed into
autism spectrum disorder in DSM–5 and is no longer considered a distinct diagnosis. Also called autistic disor-
der; childhood autism; early infantile autism; infan- tile autism; Kanner’s syndrome. 2. in schizophrenia, an
abnormal preoccupation with the self and fantasy such that there is a lack of interest in or ability to focus on exter- nal reality. —autistic adj.
autism spectrum disorder
(ASD) any one of a groupof disorders with an onset typically occurring during the preschool years and characterized by varying but often marked difficulties in communication and social interac- tion. ASD was formerly said to include such disorders as the prototype autism, asperger’s disorder, childhood disintegrativedisorder, and rettsyndrome; it was syn- onymous with pervasive developmental disorder but more commonly used, given its reflection of symptom over- lap among the disorders. It is now the official term used in
DSM–5, where it encompasses and subsumes these disor-
ders: Autism, Asperger’s disorder, and childhood disinte- grative disorder are no longer considered distinct diagnoses, and medical or genetic disorders that may be as-
autoeroticism
A
sociated with ASD, such as Rett syndrome, are identified only as specifiers of the disorder. Also called autistic spec-
trum disorder.
autistic-contiguous position
in object relationstheory, a primitive, preverbal mode of normal infant expe- rience that emphasizes sensory contact with others. If such surface contact is not soothing and comforting, the infant may react to the world as potentially dangerous, a reaction that could become pathological if it becomes rigid- ified as a defensive style. The concept was introduced by U.S. psychoanalyst Thomas Ogden to describe a mode of re- lating to the world that precedes Melanie klein’s para-
noid-schizoid position and depressive position. Also called autistic-contiguous mode.
autistic disorder
see autism.autistic fantasy
a defensemechanism in which a per-son deals with emotional conflict and stressors by indulg- ing in excessive daydreaming as a substitute for active problem solving.
autistic savant
see savant.autistic thinking
narcissistic, egocentric thought pro-cesses, such as fantasizing and daydreaming, that have lit- tle or no relation to reality. It is similar to dereistic thinking (see dereism), but the emphasis is on self-absorption rather than disconnection from reality. The term is highly inaccu- rate and misleading regarding the characteristics of au- tism.
auto-
(aut-) combining form 1. self (e.g., autobiography).2. self-caused (e.g., automasochism).
autoagonistophilia
n. sexual arousal from being ob-served or filmed while engaging in sexual activity.
autoassassinatophilia
n. see autassassinophilia.autobiographical memory
1. a person’s memory forepisodes or experiences that occurred in his or her own life. Often the terms autobiographical memory and episodicmem-
ory are used interchangeably. However, autobiographical memory can consist of information stored in episodic memory (i.e., of events experienced at a particular time and place), semanticmemory (i.e., of knowledge of gen- eral facts and concepts that give meaning to information), or a mix of the two. For example, the autobiographical memory of one’s first day at school might contain episodic information, such as meeting the teacher, but it might also contain semantic information, such as knowledge that the teacher’s name was Susan. 2. more broadly, memory for any information about the self, including not only personal experiences but also self-related factual knowledge, the
self-schema, and so forth.
Autobiographical Memory Interview
(AMI) asemistructured interview designed to assess memory for autobiographical information, impairment of which is often indicative of retrograde amnesia (inability to recall previously learned information or past events) and poten- tially associated with a variety of neurological and psychi- atric disorders. The AMI contains an Autobiographical Incidents Schedule, which queries specific, personally expe- rienced events from childhood, early adult life, and the re- cent past; and a Personal Semantic Memory Schedule, which queries generic or semantic facts about the self, di- vided into childhood, early adult life, and recent informa- tion. [developed in 1989 by British neuropsychiatrist Michael D. Kopelman, British clinical psychologist Barbara
A. Wilson, and British cognitive psychologist Alan D. Bad- deley (1934– )]
autobiography
n. in therapy or counseling, a techniquein which a lifehistory, written by the client from his or her own point of view, is used to obtain information re- garding the client’s behavioral patterns and feelings. A
structured autobiography is based on explicit questions or topic guidelines supplied by the therapist or counselor. An
unstructured autobiography contains no guidelines. See also lifereview.
autocentric
adj. centered on or within the self. Compareallocentric.
autochthonous
adj. 1. native, indigenous, or original.2. denoting endogenous processes and events that origi- nate within the individual, independently of external influ- ences. Compare allochthonous.
autochthonous gestalt
a perceptual pattern inducedby internal factors (autochthonous forces) rather than fac- tors of the external stimulus.
autoclitic
n. a unit of verbalbehavior (a verbal oper-ant) that depends on other verbal behavior and that alters its effect on a listener. For example, in saying “I think that is a cat,” the words I think serve as an autoclitic to indicate to the listener that the speaker is less than certain about the remaining verbal operants in the sentence. The is is also an autoclitic, indicating that the same stimulus is oc- casioning the words that and cat.
autocorrelation
n. the situation in which successivevalues of a variable measured over time are correlated with other values of the same series separated from them by a specific interval. This often occurs with economic or demo- graphic data. Autocorrelations are generally assumed to be linear relationships and may be presented graphically in an
autocorrelogram or formulaically in an autocorrelation function. Also called serial correlation. See time-series analysis.
autocratic
adj. 1. dictatorial, high-handed, and undem-ocratic. 2. wielding unlimited power and not permitting opposition. —autocrat n.
autocratic leader
see authoritarianleader.autocrine
adj. describing or relating to a type of cellularsignaling in which a chemical messenger is secreted by a cell into its environment and feeds back to elicit a response in the same cell. For example, some nerve cells have auto-
receptors that are affected by neurotransmitter molecules released by the same cell. Compare endocrine; paracrine.
autodysomophobia
n. see olfactoryreferencesyn-drome.
autoenucleation
n. an act of self-mutilation in whichan individual excises an organ or tumor from his or her own body, as, for example, when a person with a psychotic disorder removes an eyeball (see enucleation). Also called
self-enucleation.
autoerotic asphyxia
sexual pleasure obtained frombeing unable to breathe during masturbation. It may in- volve the person hanging himself or herself, a practice that has been found to result in a number of accidental deaths each year when the person is unable to get free of the rope. Also called autoerotic asphyxiation.