Derecho de protección

A

anxiety originally caused by another source is displaced. For example, a nonhuman animal may be feared because it represents the father who caused the original anxiety. See

littlehans.

anxiety–performance relationship

see arousal–

performancerelationship.

anxiety reaction

an emotional response characterized

by marked apprehension and accompanied by somatic symptoms of tension.

anxiety-relief response

in behavior therapy, the

repetition of reassuring or tranquilizing words (e.g., calm) in anxiety-provoking situations.

anxiety scale

any of numerous assessment instruments

designed to measure the severity of anxiety symptoms. An important example is the taylormanifestanxietyscale. Such scales usually take the form of self-report tests but can also be based on clinician ratings or actual perfor- mance.

anxiety sensitivity

fear of sensations associated with

anxiety because of the belief that they will have harmful consequences. For example, an individual with high anxi- ety sensitivity is likely to regard feeling light-headed as a sign of impending illness or fainting, whereas an individ- ual with low anxiety sensitivity would tend to regard this sensation as simply unpleasant. Research indicates that anxiety sensitivity is a traitlike risk factor that has been linked to the development of panicattacks and panicdis-

order. [defined in 1985 by U.S. clinical psychologists Ste- ven Reiss and Richard J. McNally]

anxiety state

1. see anxietyneurosis. 2. formerly, a

traumatic neurosis precipitated by a wartime experience in which the ego-ideals of war conflict with customary ideals. [defined by Sigmund freud]

anxiolytic

n. a drug used in the treatment of anxiety,

mild behavioral agitation, and insomnia. Formerly called

minor tranquilizers, anxiolytics can also be used as adjunc- tive agents in the treatment of depression, panic disorder, and several other disorders. The most widely used are the

benzodiazepines. Other drugs, such as certain ssris, have also been shown to have anxiolytic effects. See also aza- pirone; sedative, hypnotic, andanxiolyticdrug.

anxious–ambivalent attachment style

see ambiv-

alentattachment.

anxious–avoidant attachment

1. in the strange

situation, a form of insecureattachment in which an in- fant explores only minimally and tends to avoid or be indif- ferent to the parent. 2. an adult interpersonal style characterized by discomfort in being with others and a ten- dency to avoid intimate relationships with them. Also called avoidant attachment style, it is sometimes identified as taking two forms: dismissiveattachment and fearful attachment.

anxious depression

a major depressive episode ac-

companied by high levels of anxiety.

anxious–resistant attachment

in the strangesitu-

ation, a form of insecureattachment in which an infant appears anxious in the parent’s presence, distressed in the parent’s absence, and angry upon the parent’s return, often resisting contact with him or her.

aortic arch syndrome

a disorder caused by progres-

sive obliteration of the main branches of the aortic arch because of arteriosclerosis, aneurysm, or a related prob-

lem. Usually only one or two of the branches are involved, affecting blood flow to a local area. If the carotid or verte- bral arteries are involved, the brain will be affected. The pa- tient may experience fainting spells, epilepsy-like seizures, temporary blindness, paralysis on one side of the body, aphasia, memory disturbances, or a combination of symp- toms. A typical effect is the carotid-sinus syndrome, in which the patient faints after turning the head.

aortic stenosis

see stenosis.

AP

1. abbreviation for actionpotential. 2. abbreviation for advanced placement. See advancedplacementexami-

nations.

APA

1. abbreviation for americanpsychiatricassocia- tion. 2. abbreviation for americanpsychologicalassoci-

ation.

APAGS

abbreviation for americanpsychologicalasso-

ciationofgraduatestudents.

APAP

n. see acetaminophen.

apareunia

n. the inability to perform sexual intercourse.

apastia

n. fasting or abstinence from food.

APA style

guidelines and standards for writing (e.g.,

grammar) and formatting (e.g., data display, headings) for students, instructors, researchers, and clinicians in the social and behavioral sciences, as collected in the pub-

licationmanualoftheamericanpsychologicalasso-

ciation.

apathy

n. lack of motivation or goal-directed behavior

and indifference to one’s surroundings. Apathy is com- monly associated with severe depression or schizophrenia, but it also is a major behavioral symptom in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. —apathetic adj.

apathy syndrome

1. the lack of motivation and inter-

est displayed by many patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and such mental disorders as schizophrenia and severe depression. 2. the pattern of emotional insulation (indifference, detachment) adopted by many prisoners-of-war and victims of catastrophes in an effort to maintain their stability.

APDA

abbreviation for americanparkinsondiseaseas-

sociation, inc.

aperiodic reinforcement schedule

a former name

for variable-intervalschedule.

Apert syndrome

an inherited condition in which an ab-

normally shaped head due to premature closure of some of the cranial sutures (see craniosynostosissyndrome) is accompanied by intellectual disability and syndactyly. The syndactyly usually involves both hands and feet and typi- cally results in fusion of the skin and bones, marked by “mitten hands” and “sock feet.” Apert syndrome may be complicated by crouzon syndrome (and called Apert– Crouzon syndrome), in which case fusion of the digits is partial. See also acrocephalosyndactyly. [Eugène Apert

(1868–1940), French pediatrician]

aperture, draw, syntax model

(ADS model) a cog-

nitive model in which attention is seen as having three principal characteristics: (a) aperture—attention is under- stood as a pathway comprised of multiple subpathways that open up for the processing of information according to specific domains of activity; (b) draw—attention involves a mechanism by which relevant stimuli are actively drawn

APF

A

into processing (as opposed to irrelevant information being filtered out); and (c) syntax—attention involves a system of rules by which cues are recognized and assimilated and re- sponses are initiated. [proposed in 2010 by U.S. philoso- pher and cognitive scientist Brian Bruya (1966– )]

APF

abbreviation for americanpsychologicalfounda-

tion.

Apgar score

an evaluation of newborn infants on five

factors: skin color, heart rate, respiratory effort, reflexes, and muscle tone. The evaluation is typically performed at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth to assess the physical condition of the infant and to determine quickly if he or she needs immediate medical care. Each factor is scored 0, 1, or 2, with a maximum total of 10 points. A score below 3 indicates that the infant is in severe distress; a score of 4 to 7 indicates moderate distress; and a score of 7 to 10 indicates that the infant’s condition is normal. [de- veloped in 1952 by Virginia Apgar (1909–1974), U.S. an- esthesiologist]

aphagia

n. inability to swallow or eat. —aphagic adj.

aphakia

n. the absence of the lens from the eye, a condi-

tion that may be congenital or the result of disease, injury, or surgery. —aphakic adj.

aphanisis

n. 1. an obsolete term defined by British psy-

choanalyst Ernest Jones (1879–1958) to indicate total ex- tinction of sexual desire. 2. more broadly, a term defined by French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan (1901–1981) to mean total extinction of self. [from Greek aphanes, “invisi- ble”]

aphasia

n. an acquired language impairment that results

from brain damage typically in the left hemisphere. Com- mon causes of damage include stroke, brain tumors, and cortical degenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease). Traditionally, a distinction has been made between expres- sive and receptive forms of aphasia, whereby individuals with the former primarily have difficulty producing spoken and written language and those with the latter primarily have difficulty comprehending spoken and written lan- guage. A more contemporary distinction, however, is com- monly made between fluent aphasias, characterized by plentiful verbal output consisting of well-articulated, easily produced, but inappropriate or meaningless utterances of relatively normal length and prosody (rhythm and intona- tion), and nonfluent aphasias, characterized by sparse, ef- fortful utterances of short phrase length and disrupted prosody. Fluent aphasias are associated with posterior le- sions that spare cortical regions critical for motor control of speech, whereas nonfluent aphasias are associated with anterior lesions that compromise motor and premotor cor- tical regions involved in speech production. Numerous types of aphasia exist, with eight classically identified:

anomicaphasia, broca’saphasia, conductionaphasia,

globalaphasia, mixedtranscorticalaphasia, trans-

corticalmotoraphasia, transcorticalsensoryapha- sia, and wernicke’s aphasia. Also (but much less preferably) called dysphasia. —aphasic adj.

aphemia

n. as originally defined by Paul broca, a motor

aphasia with nonfluent speech but intact language func- tions, as evidenced by intact writing. It contrasts with bro-

ca’saphasia, in which writing is also disrupted.

aphonia

n. loss of the voice resulting from disease of or

damage to the larynx or vocal tract.

aphrodisiac

n. any agent or substance that facilitates

sexual desire. Perfumes, foods such as raw oysters, and var- ious drugs, particularly alkaloids such as yohimbine, are thought to be aphrodisiacs.

apical dendrite

the dendrite that extends from a py-

ramidalcell to the outermost surface of the cerebral cor- tex. Compare basaldendrite.

aplasia

n. the arrested development of a body tissue or

organ.

Aplysia

n. a genus of molluscs that have a very simple nervous system and are often used to study neurophysiol- ogy, especially the neurophysiology of learning and mem- ory. [initially studied by Austrian-born U.S. neuroscientist Eric Kandel (1929– )]

apnea

(apnoea) n. temporary suspension of respiration.

If the apneic period is long, the heart may slow and elec- troencephalogram changes may occur. Apnea can occur during sleep (see sleepapnea) and is also found in many disorders, such as epilepsy and concussion. —apneic adj.

apo-

prefix away from.

apodia

n. the condition of being born with only one foot

or with no feet. See also acheiria.

ApoE

abbreviation for apolipoproteine.

apoenzyme

n. the protein component of an enzyme. It

must combine with a second component, a coenzyme, to make the enzyme functional.

apolipoprotein E

(ApoE) a protein that may help break

down beta-amyloid. Individuals carrying a particular form of the ApoE gene, the ApoE4 allele, are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions that damage the nervous system.

Apollonian

adj. describing a state of mind that is well or-

dered, rational, and harmonious (from Apollo, the god of prophecy, music, and healing in Greek mythology). This modern use of the term was originated by Friedrich ni-

etzsche, who drew a contrast between the Apollonian and the dionysian sides of human nature.

apomorphine

n. a morphine derivative used as an ex-

pectorant and to induce vomiting. It is also used in the treatment of dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease and of erectile dysfunction.

apoplexy

n. 1. an obsolete term for a hemorrhagic

stroke. 2. hemorrhage into an organ, as in a pituitary ap- oplexy. —apoplectic adj.

apoptosis

n. see programmedcelldeath. —apoptotic

adj.

aposematic coloration

see warningcoloration.

a posteriori

denoting conclusions derived from observa-

tions or other manifest occurrences: reasoning from facts. Compare apriori. [Latin, “from the latter”]

a posteriori comparison

see posthoccomparison.

apostilb

(symbol: asb) n. a unit of luminance equal to

the luminance of a uniform diffuser emitting 1/p cd/m2_.

apotemnophilia

n. 1. a paraphilia in which a person is

sexually aroused at the idea of having a limb amputated. Compare acrotomophilia. 2. see bodyintegrityidentity disorder.

APP

abbreviation for amyloid precursor protein. See beta-

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