Aunque este tipo de pruebas son costosas, su uso racional ayuda a soportar decisiones de tratamiento que tienen un costo-efi cacia positivo, ya que la administración de fármacos a los que se tiene resistencia supone un desem- bolso económico innecesario.37,50
El gasto que se genera cuando un paciente presenta falla al tratamiento se incrementa, ya que las enferme- dades por microorganismos oportunistas, hospitalización y utilización de servicios de diagnóstico aumentan; por tanto, se requieren medicamentos adicionales para su control, más personal para la atención del paciente y por último se produce una disminución en la productividad del paciente, aumento de incapacidades y un impacto en la economía nacional.37,50
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
1. Krambovitis E, Porichis F, Spandidas DA. HIV entry inhibi- tors: a new generation of antiretroviral drug. Acta Pharma- col Sin, 2005;26:1165-1173.
2. Clavel F, Hance AJ. Medical progress: HIV drug resistance. N Engl J Med, 2004;350:1023-1035.
3. Vigano A, Schneider L, Giacomet V, Bianchi R, Cicero ML, Soster F, Bulgheroni E, Rusconi S. Effi cacy and tolerability of multiple drug therapy in HIV-1 infected children. J Infect, 2005;50:404-411.
4. Gerreti AM, Easterbrook P. Antiretroviral resistance in clini- cal practice. Int J STD AIDS, 2001;12:145-153.
5. Kuritzkes DR. Extending antiretroviral therapy to resour- se-poor setting: implications for drug resistance. AIDS, 2004;18(Suppl. 3):45-48.
6. Luzzi GA, Peto TEA, Weiss RA, Conlon CP. HIV and AIDS. En: Warrell DA, Cox TM, Firth JD, Benz EJ. Oxford Text- book of medicine. 4a. ed. Oxford, United States of America: Oxford University Press, 2003. Pág 1-37
7. Potter SJ, Beng Chew CB, Steain M, Dwyer DE, Saksena. Obstacles to successful antiretroviral treatment of HIV-1 infection problems and perpectives. Indian J Med Res, 2004;119:217-237.
8. Turner D, Brenner B, Routy JP, Moisi D, Rosberger Z, Ro- ger M, Wainberg MA. Diminished representation of HIV-1- variants containing select drug resistance conferring mu- tations in primary HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defi c Syndr, 2004;37:1627-1631.
9. Morten HN, Finn SP, Jorgen K. Molecular strategies to inhibit HIV-1 replication. Retrovirology, 2005;2:10-30.
10. Nisole S, Saïb A. Early steps of retrovirus replicative cycle. Retrovirology, 2004;1:9-28.
11. Rousseau MN, Vergne L, Montes B, Peeters M, Reynes J, De- laporte E, Segondy M. Patterns of resistance mutations to antiretroviral drugs in extensively treated HIV-1-infected patients with failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy. JAIDS, 2001;26:36-43.
12. Soto RLE, Hernández TG, Varela TC, León JEA, Vázquez VE. Guía de manejo antirretroviral de las personas que viven con el VIH/SIDA. 1a. ed. México: Secretaría de Salud, 2004;1-160. 13. Hatano H, Deeks SG. Drug resistant HIV. BMJ, 2007;334:1124-
1125.
14. Thaker HK, Snow MH. HIV viral suppression in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Posgrad Med J, 2003;36-42.
15. Kilby JM, Eron JJ. Novel therapies based on mechanisms of HIV-1 cell entry. N Engl J Med, 2003;348:2228-2238. 16. Jamjian MC, McNicholl IR. Enfuvirtide: fi rst inhibitor
for treatment of HIV infection. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2004;61:1242-1246.
17. Shaheen F, Collman RG. Co-receptor antagonists as HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 2004;17:7-16.
18. Miller V. Resistance to protease inhibitors. JAIDS, 2001;26(Suppl. 1):34-50.
19. Shafer RW. Genotypic testing for human immunodefi - ciency virus type 1 drug resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2002;15:247-277.
20. Loveday C. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resis- tance. JAIDS, 2001;26(Suppl. 1):10-24.
21. Podzorski RP. HIV genotyping: we can’t resist. Rev Med Mi- crobiol, 2003;14:25-34.
22. Lataillade M, Kozal MJ. The hunt for HIV-1 integrase inhibi- tors. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 2006;20:489-501.
23. Nair V, Chi G. HIV integrase inhibitors as therapeutic agents in AIDS. Rev Med Virol, 2007;17:277-295.
24. Kuritzkes DR. Preventing and managing antiretroviral drug resistance. AIDS Patient Care STDs, 2004;18:259–273. 25. Liuzzi G. Genotipic resistance test for the management of
the patients failing highly active antiretroviral therapy: the resistance pattern in different biological compartments. Sacand J Infect Dis, 2003;35(Suppl. 106):90-93.
26. Richman DD, Schooley RT, Kuritzkes DR, Saag MS, Eron JJ. Utilizing HIV drug resistance test reports. UCSD, 2003;5:47. 27. Bangsberg DR, Moss AR, Deeks SG. Paradoxes of adherence
and drug resistance to HIV antiretroviral therapy. J Antimi- crob Chemother, 2004;53:696-699.
28. Aceti A. Genotipic resistance test in the management of the HIV-infected patient at virological failure. Scand J Infect Dis, 2003;35(Suppl. 106):61-104.
29. Nájera R, Delgado E, Pérez AL, Thomson MM. Genetic re- combination and its role in the development of the HIV-1 pandemic. AIDS, 2000;16(Suppl. 4):S3-S16.
30. Johnson VA, Brun VF, Clotet B, Kuritzkes DR, Pillay D, Scha- piro JM, Richman DD. Update of the drug resistance muta- tions in HIV-1: Fall, 2006. Top HIV Med, 2006;14(3):125- 130.
31. Pierson TC, Doms RW, Pohlmann S. Prospects of HIV-1 entry inhibitors as novel therapeutics. Rev Med Virol, 2004;14:255-270.
32. Kantor R, Katzenstein D. Drug resistance in non-subtype B HIV-1. J Clin Virol, 2004;29:152-159.
33. Clotet B, Menéndez AL, Ruiz L, Tural C, Brun VF, Loveday C, Burger D, Schapiro J, Boucher CH, D’Aquila R, Richman D. Guía para el manejo de las resistencias en la infección por el VIH y de las farmacocinéticas de los antirretrovirales. 2a. ed. Barcelona: TAISA, 2002;1-313
34. Jones G, Ledford RM, Yu F et al. In vitro resistance profi le of HIV-1 mutants selected by the HIV-1 integrase inhibitor, GS-9137 (JTK-303). 14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. February 25-28, 2007. Los Ange- les. Abstract 627.
35. Deroo S, Robert I, Fontaine E, Lambert C, Plesseria JM, Arendt V, Staub T, Hemmer R, Schneider F, Schmit JC. HIV-1 subtypes in Luxemburg, 1983-2000. AIDS, 2002;16:2461- 2467.
36. Shafer RW, Schapiro JM. Drug resistance and antiretroviral drug development. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2005;55:817- 820.
37. Richman DD. Benefi ts and limitations of testing for resis- tance to HIV drugs. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2004;53:555– 557.
38. The EuroGuidelines group for HIV resistance. Clinical and laboratory guidelines for the use of HIV-1 drug resistance testing as part of treatment management: recommendations for the European setting. AIDS, 2001;15:309-320.
39. Wensing A, Boucher C. Worldwide transmision of drug-resis- tant HIV. AIDS Rev, 2003;5:140-155.
40. Lazzari S, Felici A, Sobel H, Bertagnolio S. HIV drug resis- tance surveillance: summary of an april 2003 WHO consul- tation. AIDS, 2004;18:S49-S53.
41. Girardi E. Epidemiological aspects of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance. Scand J Infect Dis, 2003;35(Suppl. 106):17-20. 42. Chaix ML, Descamps D, Harzic M, Schneider V, Deveau C,
Tamalet C, Pellegrin I, Izopet J, Ruffault A, Masquelier B, Meyer L, Rouzioux C, Brun-Vezinet F, Costagliola D. Stable prevalence of genotypic drug resistance mutations but in- crease in non-B virus among patients with primary HIV-1 infection in France. AIDS, 2003;17:2635-2643.
43. Soares MA, Brideiro RM, Tanuri A. Primary HIV-1 drug resis- tance in Brazil. AIDS, 2004;18(Suppl. 3):9-13.
44. Brindeiro RM, Díaz RS, Sabino EC, Morgado MG, Pires IL, Brigido L, Dantas MC, Barreira D, Teixeira PR, Tanuri A. Brazilian network for drug resistance surveillance. Bra- zilian network for HIV drug resistance surveillance (HIV- BresNet): a survey of chronically infected individuals. AIDS, 2003;17:1063-1069.
45. Weinstock HS, Zaidi I, Heneine W, Bennett D, García LJG, Douglas JM Jr, LaLota M, Dickinson G, Schwarcz S, Torian
Bibliografía 165
L, Wendell D, Paul S, Goza GA, Ruiz J, Boyett B, Kaplan JE. The epidemiology of antiretroviral drug resistance among drug-naive HIV-1-infected persons in 10 US cities. J Infect Dis, 2004;189:2174-2180.
46. Derdelinckx I, Van Laethem K, Maes B, Schrooten Y, De Wit S, Florence E, Fransen K, Ribas SG, Marissens D, Mouts- chen M, Vaira D, Zissis G, Van Ranst M, Van Wijngaerden E, Vandamme AM. Current levels of drug resistance among therapy-naive HIV-infected patients have signifi cant im- pact on treatment response. J Acquir Immune Defi c Syndr, 2004;37:1664-1666.
47. Escoto DM, Vázquez VE, Ramírez RM, Corona NA, Amaya TG, Quintero PN, Panduro CA, Torres MBM. Drug-resistance
mutations in antiretroviral-naive patients with established HIV-1 infection in Mexico. HIV Med, 2005;6:403-409. 48. Smith D, Moini N, Pesano R, Cachay E, Aiem H, Lie Y, Rich-
man D, Little S. Clinical utility of HIV standard genotyping among antiretroviral-naive individuals with unknown dura- tion of infection. Clin Infect Dis, 2007;44:456-458.
49. Kantor R, Katzenstein D. Polymorphism in HIV non-sub- types protease and reverse transcriptase and its potential impact on drug susceptibility and drug resistance evolution. AIDS Rev, 2003;5:25-35.
50. Richman DD. HIV chemotherapy. Nature, 2001;410:995- 1001.