tica? Un semiótico integrista no lo admitiría. Sin embargo, una frase corno la mía sería incomprensible si «rapidez» no interviniera, de alguna manera, en la defini ción de liebre. Dicho de otra forma, esta frase no sería válida desde la perspectiva del diccionario. Si se quiere describirla correctamente, se debe, pues, optar por la perspectiva enciclopédica.
Por otra parte, ¿cuál es el estatuto de los rasgos de los términos que entran en las proposiciones sintéticas? Se ve de entrada que no hay un límite definido entre las cualidades que producen proposiciones analíticas y las demás cualidades: es bastante claro que «ser árbol» es analítica en el caso de «abedul»; es igualmente claro que «ser utilizado frecuentemente en papelería» no lo es. Pero, ¿qué pasa verdaderamente con «flexible» y, sobre todo, con «blanco»? ¿No deben situarse en alguna parte entre los dos rasgos precedentes? Parece, pues, que todos los interme diarios son posibles entre los rasgos del diccionario y los rasgos enciclopédicos. «Rapidez» pertenece a la definición de la «liebre» por la m ism a razón que «animalidad», pero tal vez en grado m enor...
Por consiguiente, se llega a decir que las proposiciones analíticas no son otra cosa que antiguas proposiciones sintéticas que se establecieron en una cultura. Son unánimemente aceptadas y no tienen ya que ser objeto de confrontaciones con la realidad. Asignan a una entidad estable una cualidad estable también: una cuali dad prototípica. Pero la confrontación puede tener lugar en cualquier momento para hacer atribuir nuevas cualidades a las entidades, de modo que se puede siem pre remodelar el conjunto de proposiciones analíticas disponibles en dicha culru- ra. "Las ballenas son peces” fue una proposición analítica; hoy en día, 'las ballenas son m am íferos1 es igualmente analítica. “ La tierra es plana” se ha vuelto “la tierra es redonda” . Estos cambios no han podido producirse sino a través de un discurso enciclopédico (el paso de la una a la otra se establece gracias a proposiciones sinté ticas del tipo: “ Pero créame, la tierra es redonda, ha sido probado por el cálculo, y por Magallanes”).
Si se puede definir las proposiciones analíticas com o aquellas que no se discuten en una cultura dada, todos los grados de estabilización son posibles. Y no solamente todos los grados de estabilización son posibles, sino también m u chas enciclopedias pueden coexistir, com o vim os. Pueden coexistir en la m ism a sociedad (m uchos de nuestros contem poráneos estim an todavía que la tierra es plana, que las ballenas son peces), pero igualmente en el mismo individuo (el
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