NOTA: ¡SI NO SE ELIMINARA POR COMPLETO ESTE AGENTE DE SEPARACIÓN DE MOLDES, EL

The idea of quality assurance spread beyond the military and, in 1966, the British Government conducted the first national campaign for quality and reliability with the slogan ‘Quality is everyone’s business’. Progress was made in 1969 when the British government committee report on the subject recommended that suppliers’ methods should be evaluated with the use of a generic standard for quality assurance. In 1971, the Institute of British Standards (BSI) published the first British Standard for Quality Assurance (BS 9000). Subsequently, in 1974, the BSI published BS 5179, Guidelines for Quality Assurance. In 1979, BS 5750 was introduced, the requirements of which were to ‘prevent nonconformity’.

The purpose of BS 5750 has been to provide a common contractual document, demonstrating the control of industrial production. The ISO 9000 standards have evolved through several revisions. The first version of 1987 (ISO 9000:1987) has the same structure as the British standard BS 5750, with three ‘models’ for systems of quality management. It was therefore more accessible to manufacturing, and was well suited to the demands of a rigorous, stable factory floor. With its structure of twenty requirements (see Table 2.6), the focus tended to be overstated in regard to conformance with procedures as opposed to the overall management process, which was the original intention. The 1994 version (ISO 9000:1994) was an attempt to break from practices that had somewhat corrupted the use of the 1987 standard. It also emphasised quality assurance via

17 Internal quality audit requirements

√ √ √

18 Training requirements √ √ √

19 Servicing requirements √

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preventive actions, and continues to require proof of compliance with documented procedures. The ISO 9000:2000 version of the standard attempted to make a radical change in thinking. It placed the concept of process management at the heart of the standard, specifying the central objectives of the standard. Expectations of continuous process improvement and tracking customer satisfaction were also made explicit in this review. The fourth and latest edition of the standard (ISO 9001:2008) was published on November 14, 2008. The latest version of the ISO 9001:2008 and its predecessor, ISO 9001:2000, is based on eight quality management principles. According to EN ISO 9000:2005, Quality Management Systems Fundamentals and Vocabulary, eight quality management principles have been identified as follows:

1. Customer focus: Organisations depend on their customers and therefore should understand current and future customer needs, should meet customer requirements, and strive to exceed customer expectations.

2. Leadership: Leaders establish a unity of purpose and direction for the organisation. They should create and maintain the internal environment in which people can become fully involved in achieving the organisation’s objectives.

3. Involvement of people: People at all levels are the essence of an organisation, and their full involvement enables their abilities to be used for the organisation’s benefit.

4. Process approach: A desired result is achieved more efficiently when activities and related resources are managed as a process.

5. System approach to management: Identifying, understanding and managing interrelated processes as a system contributes to the organisation’s effectiveness and efficiency in achieving its objectives.

6. Continual improvement: Continual improvement of the organisation’s overall performance should be a permanent objective of the organisation.

7. Factual approach to decision making: Effective decisions are based on the analysis of data and information.

8. Mutually beneficial supplier relationships: An organisation and its suppliers are interdependent, and a mutually beneficial relationship enhances the ability of both to create value.

The objective of this review was to clarify existing requirements and improve consistency of the

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Bureau, 2008). Lee et al. (2009) highlight that the number of certified companies is continuously

increasing with more than 951,000 ISO 9001:2000 certificates being issued across 175 countries.

Table (2.7) shows the stages of development of ISO 9000 standards.

Table 2.7: Development Stages of ISO 9000 (The British Assessment Bureau, 2011)

The journey of ISO 9000 standards started in 1987 the date of the first version and then, spanning the years, there were several amendments made as a result of change management

Year Event Purpose

1966 First national campaign for quality and

reliability by British Government

Quality is everyone’s business.

1969 British Standard Government Committee

Report

Supplier methods should be evaluated by quality assurance.

1971 First BS 9000 published First Standard for quality assurance by BSI.

1974 BS 5179 was published Guide line for quality assurance.

1979 BS 5750 was introduced Provide a common contractual document.

1987 First version of ISO 9000 standards The focus tended to be overstated on

conformance with procedures rather than the overall management process, which was the original intention.

1994 Revision of ISO 9000, 1987, with the

inclusion of various amendments

It emphasised quality assurance via preventive actions and continues to require proof of compliance with documented procedures.

2000 Amendments on some clauses of ISO

9000/94

It placed the concept of process management at the heart of the standard, specifying that the central objectives of the standard

2008 Amendments on some clauses of ISO

9000,2000

To clarify existing requirements and improve consistency of approach with other

management standards such as ISO 14001:2004.

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systems and technical progress. The last versions of standards published in 2008. The aim of standards is to provide the management of enterprises with a quality management system, which helps them to manage their financial and human resources successfully, and which further allows their customers to be satisfied with their products or services. In an effort to maintain the ISO 9001 certificate, there is the need to ensure commitment from top management, and to make continuous improvements.