F ACTORES C LAVES DEL C RECIMIENTO
B) L OS CHAEBOLS Y EL CRECIMIENTO DE C OREA DEL S UR
The findings’ of the semi-structured interviews and literature review, relating to research objective have been verified and triangulated using documentary analysis. To ensure consistency and rigour of data analysis, the documents were analysed using the same qualitative content data analysis techniques described in section 4.9.2 and used for analysis of completed semi-structured interviews. Qualitative content analysis of key documents in relation to research objective two is shown in Table 17:
Table 17: Qualitative Content Analysis of Key Documents for Research Objective Two RO2 Gain an understanding of the value of urban heritage regeneration projects.
DID DOCUMENTARY TEXT Page MEMO / INTERPRETATION PARENT
CODE
CHILD CODE
DA2 Historic buildings create a focal point that people can
relate to and are familiar with giving a sense of place. They may be well-loved local landmarks, which the community identify with and will rally around to support or save.
6 Claim that heritage regeneration has to society /community value
VAL2 SOC2
DA2 The fabric and design can add a distinctive identity to the
new build part of a regeneration scheme. It can enhance the townscape and lifting the overall quality of the built environment.
6 Claim that heritage regeneration enhances amenity value by adding to place making and the quality of the built environment.
VAL2 AME2
DA2 The impact of successful schemes is felt beyond the
boundaries of the heritage asset itself and can boost the economy of the whole town or city
7 Claim that heritage regeneration has economic value to local area. Note no direct evidence.
VAL2 ECO2
DA2 Such enthusiasm for historic urban cores can translate
into higher values; not just financial value, but economic and social value as well.
7 Claim that heritage regeneration has economic and financial value to local area and to private sector. Note no direct evidence.
VAL2 VAL2 VAL2 FIN2 ECO2 SOC2
which can add architectural and/or historical character, distinctiveness and local colour to a wider new build scheme.
regeneration can add historical character and amenity value to an area.
VAL2 AME2
DA2 Heritage assets are a key component of sustainable
development. The re-use of such assets can be used to boost local economies, attract investment, highlight local distinctiveness and add value to neighbouring properties.
9 Claim that heritage regeneration contributes to sustainable development.
VAL2 SUS2
DA2 Indirect Value conferred on neighbouring properties, or
the wider economic and social value created in an area through inward investment, is more difficult to quantify but is clearly one of the most easily observed impacts of successful regeneration involving historic buildings.
11 Comment that heritage
regeneration has economic, social and environmental value.
Note difficulty of assessment of indirect value, value tension.
VAL2 VAL2 VAL2 ECO2 SOC2 VTE2
DA2 There is evidence to suggest that historic buildings in
residential use (whether built originally for residential or industrial purposes) can command higher prices than new build. Furthermore, being in a neighbourhood of historic buildings can enhance prices of modern apartments and houses.
12 Heritage regeneration has financial value to private sector developer. Note no supporting evidence to demonstrate higher values.
VAL2 FIN2
DA2 Listed commercial property generated a higher level of
total return than commercial property overall for three, five, ten and thirty year time periods.
14 Potential evidence of financial value to development companies. Note not exclusively regeneration
areas. DA3 Use our heritage as a means to engage with communities
and to provide them with learning and training opportunities.
4 Claim that heritage regeneration has potential educational value.
VAL2 EDU2
DA3 A town or city’s physical and cultural heritage is a key component in what makes a place different or unique.
7 Claim that heritage regeneration has amenity value to add to place making.
VAL2 AME2
DA3 Crucially from a growth perspective a high quality and economically active historic environment helps to project a positive image, create investor confidence, attract high value jobs and improve competitiveness.
7 Claim that heritage regeneration possesses economic value. Note no direct evidence of economic value.
VAL2 ECO2
DA3 Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) research suggests that commercial businesses based in the historic buildings of cities are "more productive and generate more wealth" than the average across the whole economy, their analysis suggesting this "heritage premium" to be worth around £13000 per business per year. They also suggest that such higher‐value businesses are 30% more likely to be found in a listed building than a non‐listed building.
7 Note potential evidence of economic value and potential financial value to private sector development company or local authority. Note not exclusively urban regeneration areas.
VAL2 VAL2
ECO2 FIN2
buildings and spaces ‐ ‘heritage townscape’ is a much stronger driver of tourism visits or days out than individual attractions. This is because people like to spend their leisure time in places they can sense the past and have retained their distinct character.
may possess tourism value.
DA4 The historic environment and its built heritage of Fylde is undoubtedly a key factor in sustaining and enhancing its overall economic performance.
7 Claim that heritage regeneration has economic value. Note no evidence.
VAL2 ECO2
DA4 The historic environment has now been recognised has having significant economic benefits, from the perspective of the visitor economy, but also as a catalyst for regeneration and attracting development.
13 Claim that heritage regeneration has economic value. Note no evidence.
VAL2 ECO2
DA4 Based on the research carried out in developing the Strategy some local authorities identified the need to ‘educate’ the public with regards to the value and importance of heritage – socially, economically and culturally. There is an opportunity to attract young people into understanding and appreciating the built heritage, being its future guardians.
51 Statement on potential educational value of heritage regeneration; ability to create partnerships with local community.
VAL2 VAL2
EDU2 SOC2
DA9 There was overwhelming evidence to the Committee that improving the environment and securing the reuse of
6 Claim that heritage regeneration has historical and economic value.
VAL2 VAL2
HIS2 ECO2
buildings, which have historic value, can make an important contribution to the regeneration of the urban areas.
DA9 The regeneration of a single building or group of historic
buildings and public spaces can initiate improvement of a wider urban area.
6 Claim that heritage regeneration has amenity value to local area.
VAL2 AME2
DA9 There is evidence that commercial schemes that reuse
historic buildings have a higher value than new-build developments and can form the basis for regenerating a local economy.
9 Claim that heritage regeneration has financial value for development companies. Note no evidence provided.
VAL2 FIN2
DA9 Some local authorities have appreciated the important
role, which historic buildings can play in revitalising their neighbourhoods and have integrated them as positive features in their regeneration strategies. Others have seen historic buildings as artifacts to be preserved for their historic value.
12 Acknowledgement of two
elements of heritage discourse within public sector organisations.
VAL2 VTE2
DA9 In some places, there is a tension between the feasibility
of conserving historic buildings and potential regeneration, which needs to be publicly discussed particularly with different interest groups.
13 Statement that disagreement between stakeholders may be a constraint. Note issue of value tension.
VAL2 VTE2
maximum incomes and, therefore, promote the highest value uses, such as offices, in preference to more appropriate uses, such as cultural, leisure or workshop uses.
Heritage organization that assists
community organisations claims
that public sector is acting similarly to private sector to maximise incomes. Potential value clash.
DA9 Many cities have managed to use design and heritage regeneration to deliver a wide range of economic benefits, better paid jobs, more choice of employment, and more choice of cultural facilities, better housing and improved self-image for the city.
65 Dave Chetwyn, IHBC, Claim that heritage regeneration has economic value to local area. Note anecdotal evidence, no direct evidence provided.
VAL2 ECO2
DA9 The value of it is simply about the quality of the buildings and what attracts us as developers to historic buildings of whatever age is that we believe there is something in them of great quality, no matter how old they are, and that it is therefore worth trying to save them
69 Claim by development company that engaging in heritage regeneration creates amenity value.
VAL2 AME2
DA9 It is simply better in sustainability terms to use and recycle old buildings than to demolish them and to build new ones.
75 Tom Bloxham, private sector development company claims that heritage regeneration contributes to sustainable development.
VAL2 SUS2
historic buildings can be very successful as the “flag ship” scheme, the catalyst and the iconic symbol for a regeneration initiative.
comments that heritage
regeneration can deliver amenity value through delivery of flagship schemes.
DA9 Underlying the City Council’s approach is a belief that the historic environment provides “depth” to the urban experience and is a shared and common bond for its citizens. Historic buildings, monuments and places are the tangible link with the Liverpool of history and are symbols of the cities past achievements.
111 LCC comment heritage
regeneration has societal, community value and historical value as it adds to place making
VAL2
VAL2
SOC2
HIS2
DA9 All this said, the City Council’s approach to urban regeneration is as much about promoting the city’s intangible qualities as it is about achieving hard economic outputs that can be more easily quantified.
111 LCC acknowledgement of the difficulty of assessment of tangible and intangible benefits of heritage regeneration
VAL2 VTE2
DA9 Ropewalks is probably the most significant historic environment project in the city centre at present. The HLF can genuinely claim to have led regeneration in the area through its £1.5 million THI programme. This funding appears to have helped secure some £110 million investment from other public and private sources.
114 English Heritage provide evidence of economic value of heritage regeneration. Note prior public sector involvement relating to funding and intervention.
VAL2 ECO2
almost always fail on the balance sheet. The market end- value for prestigious historic building projects will encourage public agency support. Agencies do struggle to understand the value (in its broadest sense) of the more modest historic fabric—the vernacular that often speaks volumes about the social, economic and cultural history and character of the city. This tends to be close to the heart of the public, perhaps in some ways more so than the city’s prestigious architecture.
understanding of broader concept of value.
Note relating to definition of heritage assets is relevant in heritage regeneration. Note the definition of modest historic fabric.
DA9 Once in a good state of repair, historic buildings do generally achieve an enhanced value from status. English Heritage argues this case for offices in its publication The investment performance of listed office buildings (2002), and for houses (a 20% enhancement) in its publication Heritage Counts (2003).
119 LCC evidence of financial value for private sector developer including evidence source. Note not exclusively for regeneration areas.
VAL2 FIN2
DA9 The value of historic buildings cannot be determined by a simple economic calculation. Less prestigious historic buildings and places will tend to be less viable projects but may be of symbolic importance to local people.
119 The Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) Statement concerning issues with valuing heritage assets. Note term “less prestigious historic buildings.”
VAL2 VTE2
programme that creates place and resource based learning tools that highlight the value and importance of heritage – socially, economically and culturally.
educational value of heritage regeneration.
DA10 The historic built environment has now been recognised has having significant economic benefits not just from the point of view of the visitor economy, but also as a catalyst for regeneration and development.
3 Claim that heritage regeneration has economic and tourism value. Note anecdotal no evidence provided.
VAL2 VAL2
ECO2 TOU2
DA10 Undoubtedly, Blackpool’s built heritage presents a huge resource, is also often said to promote ‘civic pride’, acting as a reminder of how a place has evolved historically and its reasons for existing. It is of major benefit to the nation and its protection, and conservation is of real importance.
9 Claim that heritage regeneration has national historic and societal value. Note no supporting evidence.
VAL2 VAL2
SOC2 HIS2
DA10 Heritage assets instill a greater sense of pride and promote civic pride in a neighbourhood and achieve a better use of natural resources.
9 Claim that Heritage regeneration is a sustainable method of regeneration.
VAL2 SOC2
DA10 Protecting and enhancing the quality of the built heritage of the Borough is underpinned by a strong economic justification. The promotion of Blackpool is inextricably bound up with its heritage offer and this can be used to market its unique and special character.
9 Economic value of heritage regeneration. Note general comment with no supporting evidence.
DA11 heritage can support the revitalisation of deprived areas through their character, location and use. Our 24 heritage priority projects have the potential to create over 1,200 direct jobs and add a further £39m GVA to the Lancashire economy. The wider historic environment presents much more economic benefits.
2 Statement regarding economic value of heritage regeneration has economic value; evidence provided.
VAL2 ECO2
DA11 Heritage plays an important role in terms of our prosperity, our health, our education and our civic pride. Sustainability – physical life of heritage assets is often greater than their functional life – bringing them back into use is effective use of resources.
2 Claim that heritage regeneration has societal, community and sustainable value.
VAL2 VAL2
SOC2 SUS2
DA11 Heritage acts to attract visitors and these in turn help to bring in wealth and prosperity to the city.
Heritage can support the revitalisation of deprived areas through their character, location and use.
Opportunities to access and understand heritage can have a positive impact on learning and attainment
Heritage can provide a focus for leisure activities from simple viewing to detailed research and interpretation. Exploring heritage helps people in maintaining a healthy physical life-style and can limit stress and mental health
2 Claim that heritage regeneration has tourism value, economic, potential educational and social value. VAL2 VAL2 VAL2 VAL2 ECO2 TOU2 ECO2 SOC2
issues.
DA11 Civic Pride – heritage contributes to a sense of pride in our city. The legacy of the past reinforces our history and this sense of pride.
2 Claim that Heritage regeneration has amenity value.
VAL2 AME2
DA11 Heritage assets can in some cases act as a catalyst for securing community engagement. It brings people together around the cause of protecting heritage and bringing assets back into use.
20 Comment that heritage
regeneration may possess societal, community value.
VAL2 SOC2
DA11 In addition to those nationally designated, there are also those assets that are locally significant and this significance is formally reflected by their inclusion on local lists, which are maintained by local authorities. There are no national categories for what can be included on local lists and it is entirely at the discretion of the local authority. Manchester has its own local list of Mancunian Assets. Whilst designated assets have statutory protection, those that are identified locally (and therefore not designated) have no statutory protection; but are a material consideration for planning purposes.
5 Evidence of use of local lists and role in formal planning decision- making process. Note potential use of local lists to record heritage in regeneration areas.
VAL2 VTE2
DA12 Community Participation and Volunteering – The built heritage environment attracts people to perform civic
9 Claim that heritage regeneration has societal and community value.
duties and volunteering.
Ageing population – The impact of an aging population on public services presents a considerable challenge. There are numerous researches, which highlight the positive impact of engaging with heritage, and culture can have on physical, mental and social wellbeing of older people.
DA12 Sustainability and Carbon Reduction. There are number of benefits from bringing an empty building back into use such as reduction in crime, increased investment, improved visual appeal and increased foo all. Recycling existing building materials on site also reduces carbon footprint as a result of reduced production and transportation.
Housing Market and Place. The Nationwide Building Society and Hometrack compared prices of historic homes compared to modern counterparts. Analysis shows that a pre-1919 property had 20% uplift, and this rises to 34% in the case of a Jacobean property when compared with new build properties.
Strong Multiplier - Investing in the historic environment
9 Claim that heritage regeneration may possess sustainable value.
Claim that heritage regeneration possesses financial value, evidence provided.
Claim that heritage regeneration has economic value to local area with direct evidence provided. Note does this solely apply to regeneration areas.
Heritage regeneration has economic value to local area; further evidence provided.
VAL2 VAL2 VAL2 SUS2 FIN2 ECO2