T ESIS ( LOGROS O CONTRIBUCIONES ORIGINALES DE ESTE TRABAJO )

Bearding. Term used, in wood shipbuilding, for removing wood to modify a curve or line.

Bearding of rudder is rounded fore edge that takes in a corresponding recess (also called a 'bearding') in stern post.

Bear Down. To approach: to move towards. To move tiller to leeward so that vessel's head

comes to the wind.

Bearers. Short beams going across just above keelson of a wooden ship, or stern sheets of a

boat. Also called 'Flat floor'.

Bearing. Direction in which an object, or position, lies from an observer. Usually defined by

the angular measurement between a line from an observer's position and a datum line passing through that position. Can be a 'Relative', 'True', or 'Compass' bearing.

Bearing Plate. Graduated and ballasted plate by which relative bearings may be taken when it

is inconvenient to use compass.

Bearings.* Widest part below plank sheer of wooden ship.

Bear Off. To thrust away; to hold off. Order given to bowman of boat when he is required

to push boat's head away from jetty, gangway or other fixture at which boat is alongside. Order given, also, when it is required to thrust away, or hold off, an approaching object.

Bear Up. To put helm to windward, thus turning to leeward. Bear away. Beating. Sailing close hauled to get to windward on alternate tacks.

Beaufort Notation. Code by which weather conditions may be tersely expressed by a

combination of letters of alphabet.

Beaufort Wind Scale. Devised by Admiral Beaufort in 1808 to express wind force by use of

numbers from 0 to 12. Revised in 1905 by Dr. G. C. Simpson. Further revised in 1926 to express wind speeds.

Beaufort Wind

Force Mean Wind Speed in Knots Descriptive Term

0 0 Calm 1 2 Light air 2 5 Light breeze 3 9 Gentle breeze 4 13 Moderate breeze 5 19 Fresh breeze 6 24 Strong breeze 7 30 Near gale 8 37 Gale 9 44 Strong gale 10 52 Storm 11 60 Violent storm 12 — Hurricane

Becalmed 38 Bell

Becalmed. Said of a sailing vessel when she is unable to make way owing to absence of

wind.

Becket. Loop of rope, sennit or wire used for fastening, or for attachment. Becket Bend. Name sometimes given to 'Sheet Bend'.

Becket Rowlock. Rope strop, around thole pin, to confine an oar when rowing.

Becueing. Sometimes called 'Scowing'. Dropping anchor with cable made fast to crown but

stopped to ring with medium-strength lashing. In normal circumstances anchor will hold in usual way. Should anchor get foul, extra force used in weighing will break stop at ring, and anchor can then be weighed by crown.

Bed. That on which anything-anchor, engine, etc., rests. Formerly applied to the impression left in the ground by a vessel that has grounded.

Bed of Bowsprit. That part which rests on stem, or in bowsprit hole. Is greatest diameter of

bowsprit; outer end diameter being 2/3rds, and inner end diameter being 5/6ths, that of bed.

Bed of Capstan. Trued and strengthened part of deck on which capstan is placed. Also

applied to flat steel plate that carries pawl rack.

Bedplate. In general, any plate on which a fitting is bedded. Bedplate of main engines is of

cast iron or mild steel. Carries crankshaft and bears engines. Rests on cast iron chocks and is through fastened to tank tops by holding down bolts.

Bees Block. Hardwood fitting at head of bowsprit for taking fore topmast stay and, in R.N.,

foretop bowline.

Bees of Bowsprit. Another name for 'Bees Blocks'. Beetle. Heavy wooden mallet.

Before the Mast. Said of a man who goes to sea as a rating, and lives forward. Forward of a

mast.

Before. On the forward side of.

Bel. Radio unit for measuring loss or gain in strength. Belace.* Old form of 'Belay'.

Belage.* Old form of 'Belay'.

Belat. Strong N.N.W. offshore wind prevalent off' south coast of Arabia during winter. Belay. To make fast a rope by turning up with it around a cleat, belaying pin, bollard, etc.

Often used by seamen in the sense of arresting, stopping or cancelling; e.g. 'Belay the last order'.

Belaying Pin. Pin-shaped pieces of wood or metal fitted in a socket and used for belaying

ropes.

Belfry. Ornamental mounting for carrying ship's bell.

Belfast Bow. Name given to raked stem introduced by Harland & Wolff of Belfast. Allows

larger forecastle deck without increasing waterline measurements; provides .increased forward buoyancy when pitching.

Bell. Compulsory fitting in all seagoing ships. Must not be less than 12 in. diameter at

mouth, and must be so placed that its sound is not obstructed. Frequent and rapid ringing of bell is required of an anchored vessel in fog. Ship's time is indicated by half-hourly striking of bell.

Bellatrix 39 Beneaped

Bellatrix. Star γ Orionis. S.H.A. 279°; Dec. N6°; Mag. 1-7. Name is Latin for 'Warlike'. Astrologers maintained that star had a martial influence.

Bell Buoy. Buoy carrying bell often rung by action of waves, or wash of passing vessels. Belleville Boiler. First large water tube boiler to be successful for marine purposes (1901). Bell Rope. Small rope on tongue of bell for ringing it. 2. Rope on a pump handle to assist

in turning it.

Belly. Rounded swell of sail caused by wind and stretching of the canvas.

Belly Band. Extra cloth of canvas in single topsail or course. Fitted below lowest reef

points and in line with bowline bridle.

Belly Halyard. Gaff" halyard leading through block at middle of gaff to give extra support.

Below. Below upper deck. Under hatches. Beluga. Arctic whale that comes as far south as St. Lawrence river, and sometimes ascends it. Has no dorsal fin and is less than 20 feet in length.

Bembridge Type. Cutter-rigged yacht with jib and mainsail. Overall length about 20 ft.,

beam 6 ft.

Benches. Seats in after part of boat or in cockpit of a yacht. Often called 'Sheets'. Bench Mark. Line cut in stone of a permanent erection to indicate a datum level or a

distance from datum. British practice uses a line and an indicating small arrow; U.S.A. uses a 3 ½ -in. disc of copper alloy.

Bend. An intertwining of a rope so that it is securely attached to another rope. Bend Cable. To attach cable to an anchor.

Bending Moment. Force, or sum of forces, that bends or tends to bend any member out of

its normal line.

Bending Shackle. Shackle that connects outboard end of cable to anchor.

Bends. Strongest and thickest side strakes of wooden ship. First bend is on water line,

second and third bends immediately above it. They are responsible for girder strength of ship and form anchorages for beams, knees and foot hooks.

Bends. Name often given to 'Diver's Palsy' or 'Caisson Disease'.

Bend Sail. To attach a sail to its appropriate spar. Square sails are bent, by robands, to

jackstays on yards. Fore and aft sails are usually laced to gaffs and booms, but may be seized to them.

Bend Test. Applied to rivets. Shank is bent and hammered through 180° while cold, and

should show no sign of fracture.

Beneaped. State of a vessel when aground and unable to float at high water because rise of

neaping tide is insufficient. Also said of vessel unable to leave harbour or dock for want of sufficient water due to the same cause.