Conflictos en la interpretación de la identidad personal
Conflicts in the Interpretation of Personal Identity
Carlos Emilio Gende
En-claves del Pensamiento, vol. VIII, núm. 16, julio-diciembre, 2014, pp. 55-78. Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de
México Distrito Federal, México
En-claves del Pensamiento,
DE LA IDENTIDAD PERSONAL
CARLOS EMILIO GENDE*
Resumen
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Abstract
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!"#$%&!'&#('&'(!)(#$%&*+#$(&(,-&.-/!(-&!/+0(&(,-&1)#(-)#!&(,!(&2+03.&3-%#(#4#5-& &7)"()5)4.)"-5"&7)"%'17&"&-"#)%.-4$*"'()4&'&;"8&7)"D&$&)"-:)%"'4(':'(0$*.<"$4(" 6#1-&6-)'!7&(,-&!)(#13-&!#4'&(+&.#'10''&(,-&1+$1-*(0!3#(8&(,!(&#(&'--"'&(+&90'(#:8;& <+)&(,#'=&#(&0'-'&(,-&.#'(#$1(#+$&/-(2--$&#.-4&!$.&#*'-&#.-$(#(8&(,!(&4!"-'&>!03& A',-)0%<"5%-2"E7',7"'&"'.".011).&)("&-")F&)4("&7)"().,%'#&'-4"-5"&7)",-4,)#&>"G" H-,)4&)")"'4:).&'1$(-%"()"&')2#-",-2#*)&-")4"*$"I4':)%.'($("J$,'-4$*"()*"K-2$70)<"!%1)46
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I. La identidad de sí como cuestión
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
I* 4'*7-,%2&*$&56+D.*!-.(+,'%&%*-$%-*&(7'!$-*%'#&$+8-*&*:"D*5'*-$-%0&*+,'.$+,&,)*&*52*9*&*#-(*
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
II. Consecuencias de la cuestión
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
E"0'(#,(&3+2)"("#"(2%2")1(F%(83G(4,"-"()%(&3"#$,:-(#'/0"("))%1(2'0(83G(#"(
!"#$!#%"&'%(')*#%#$$+%,%-#(-#%#$$+.%/+$%!#0%)+(1+*2+%3'&%+3#41+*%5"#%6'*7+%
2%0$"(.")($,2'(."(-'&,'-"#(83"1(&'+'(#'#$,"-"(!%-$'1(H#"(.,#$,-63"-(2'0(")(7"B &7'(."(83"()%(&'-&,"-&,%(."(#3(%2),&%&,:-("#(2%0$"(."()%(-%$30%)"<%(."(%83"))'( %()'(83"(")(&'-&"2$'(#"(%2),&%I=JK
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&"2'#,)4%"('#,"%))#2)4)+:"%#,"4#)/#:)+:"#2)#%)4/"#@#63)#)%&"%#2)$)(#%)4#4)+"D ("+-2"%#@#5'4'(&-1'2"%#%-(#(-(5N(#&-,"#2)#2-%+4-9-('+-.(>#K)4"#'/#9-%9"#&-)9,"#%)# 63-)4)#%3$4'@'4#63)#)%&"%#2)4)+:"%#%"(#;3(2'9)(&'/)%*#)%#2)+-4#63)#%)#)(+3)(D &4'(# )%&4)+:'9)(&)# 0-(+3/'2"%# +"(# /'# 2-5(-2'2# :39'('# @# %"(*# '/# 9-%9"# &-)9,"*#
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
CD$ A1$&"3&+$R(6;%6+,$%#$3/$4)(4(2+$3+')%$4%+)@($2%1$2%)%6;+$3%P(1($1($#(6"+#(1"2(2,$%1$#+&J
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III. Un caso de aplicación: el derecho a la identidad
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
67$ P"3'$*'Q"/"#$:&'$'($'/$"#)@%&/.$='(%+.("!.-$'/$"&).#$2#'*'()"$'*)"$!+*)+(%+5($2"#"$'*)"3/'B
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!"#$%#$&'#()&*&+,-$+./.$,%"().$0&),12$%#$)3,),$#().(+#%$'#$43.51#/,%$%.53#$1,$ +.(%)&)"+&6($'#$1,$&'#()&','7
89.3,$5&#(-$:+6/.$;,3,()&<,3$#().(+#%$#%)#$'#3#+9.-$!".$'#+&3-$+"=1#%$ !"#$%&!$'"#()')"#*!$(*$+"!),)%)(&($-.*$%"$/&0)'*#$+%*#&2*#1*$!)#$&3*'1&0%"4$ 5!1"$6&$&'"2+&7&("$(*$"10&$+0*/.#1&8$9*!$.#$(*0*':"$(*%$)#()6)(."4$;%$2*#"!<$ +./.$9#/.%$%#>,1,'.-$#%$"($43#%"4"#%).$!"#$3#+,#-$#($'#*&(&)&0,-$%.53#$#1$ &('&0&'".7$?.'.$.)3.$41,(.$'#$&'#()&*&+,+&6($+.(*1"@#$#($1,$(#+#%&','$'#$;,3,(A )&<,31#$,1$&('&0&'".$%"$'#3#+9.$,$1,$&'#()&','7
IV. Consecuencias del caso de aplicación
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