EL CONCEJO COINEÑO ANTES DEL CORREGIMIENTO
II. EL GOBIERNO MUNICIPAL
2. Sistemas de elecciones
3.1. Alcaldes ordinarios
The most common framework for describing the work performed in an energy audit has been established by ASHRAE95, which has developed guidelines for Level I, II, and III audits that progressively increase in depth and cost.
ASHRAE is updating Standard 100‐200696. Standard 100 defines a process for auditing and upgrading the energy efficiency of existing buildings to meet specific energy use targets. This standard defines the responsibilities of the building owners, energy auditors, and local building officials when upgrading the energy efficiency of a building.
EBCx includes an investigation that is somewhat similar in depth to an ASHRAE Level II audit. A key difference is that the EBCx process does not end until improvements have been
implemented and verified (and sometimes can even extend beyond that point to conduct
ongoing commissioning, such as through continuous performance monitoring). EBCx also
includes development of a plan for persistence of benefits related to the measures implemented as part of the EBCx process.
The commissioning process is not defined under any specific standard, although there are multiple examples of best practice guidelines. There are also multiple certification programs nationwide97. ASHRAE Guideline 0.2 and 1.2 (in progress) are two of several guidance documents that are attempting to define the scope of EBCx.
Description of Audit Types
Energy audits are well‐established processes that have been honed over the decades. Summaries of the three types of ASHRAE audits follow:
ASHRAE Level I Audit – Walk‐Through Analysis/Preliminary Audit
The Level I audit is often called a “walk‐through audit” and involves brief interviews with site operating personnel, a review of the facility’s utility bills and other operating data, and a walk‐ through of the building. The ASHRAE Level I audit is geared toward the identification of the potential for energy improvements, understanding the general building configuration, and defining the type and nature of energy systems. The audit should result in a preliminary, high‐ level, energy‐use analysis for the entire facility and a short report detailing the findings, which may include identifying a variety of recognizable efficiency opportunities. Usually this report does not provide detailed recommendations with cost/benefit information, except for very visible projects or operational faults. Preliminary recommendations with rough associated costs and benefits are typically included in an ASHRAE Level I audit report.
95 ASHRAE publication, Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits, 2nd Edition, 2011.
96 BSR/ASHRAE/IES Standard 100‐2006R; Proposed Revision of Standard 100‐2006, Energy Efficiency in
Existing Buildings; First Public Review Draft (May 2012).
97 The California Commissioning Collaborative has a summary of certification programs, available at
ASHRAE Level II Audit – Energy Survey and Analysis
A Level II audit evaluates the building energy systems in detail to define a variety of potential energy‐efficiency improvements. This should include the building envelope, lighting, HVAC, domestic hot water (DHW), plug loads, and compressed air and process uses (for
manufacturing, service, or processing facilities). This study starts with a detailed analysis of energy consumption to quantify base loads, seasonal variation, and effective energy costs. From there, the study should include an evaluation of lighting, air quality, temperature, ventilation, humidity, and other conditions that may affect energy performance and occupant comfort. The process also includes detailed discussions with the building owners, managers, and occupants to explore potential problem areas and to clarify financial and nonfinancial goals.
The Level II audit should result in a clear and concise report and briefing with the owner and management team describing a variety of energy efficiency measures including no‐ and low‐ cost measures, modifications to system controls and building automation, operational changes, and potential capital upgrades. The findings should include costs and savings information, as well as a means for the owner to evaluate the energy conservation measures (ECMs) and decide how to proceed with implementation.
ASHRAE Level III Audit – Detailed Analysis of Capital‐Intensive Modifications
Some of the system upgrades or retrofits revealed by the Level II audit may require significant investments of capital, personnel, and other limited resources. Before making this level of investment, the owner will want to have a more thorough and detailed understanding of the benefits, costs, and performance expectations. This is the purpose of the “investment‐grade” Level III ASHRAE audit. There may be only a few capital‐intensive energy efficiency measures exposed by the Level II audit, or there may be dozens for larger facilities. In most cases, since this cannot be clearly determined or accurately estimated in advance, the recommendation and scope definition for a Level III audit usually is an outcome of the Level II process.
The ASHRAE Level III audit often includes (but doesn’t specifically require) a building
simulation calibrated to actual energy use. The ASHRAE Level III audit involves more detailed data collection over the course of weeks or months. Data loggers typically will be placed temporarily (at least two weeks is typical) to monitor the operation of pumps and motors, temperatures of affected spaces, lighting levels, switching behavior, and other factors. Once system‐specific data have been input into the building simulation, the energy use predicted by the simulation is cross‐checked to actual use, to validate the accuracy of the simulation.
Once calibrated, the simulation can be used to model the potential energy impacts of various
proposed system improvements; combining that process with construction‐grade cost
estimating supports informed investment decisions98.