EL CONCEJO COINEÑO ANTES DEL CORREGIMIENTO
II. EL GOBIERNO MUNICIPAL
2. Sistemas de elecciones
4.5. Oficios profesionales
An EBCx investigation99 can resemble an ASHRAE Level II audit, in that it involves the collection of energy and system data, an evaluation of opportunities, and a determination of costs and energy savings for those opportunities. The main difference between an EBCx investigation and an ASHRAE Level II audit is that the EBCx process includes implementation and verification of ECMs, update of O&M manuals, training of operations staff, plans for maintaining persistence of benefits, and in some cases an ongoing monitoring period after the project ends to ensure that improvements persist.
It is commonly stated that the main difference between audits and EBCx is that audits look at retrofit opportunities and EBCx focuses only on O&M improvements. In practice, this
distinction is more due to a specific owner’s scope requirements – both processes can cover retrofits and O&M improvements.
In California, EBCx has been established in utility programs for almost a decade, under the titles
“Building Tune‐Up,” “Monitoring‐Based Commissioning,” or “Retrocommissioning.” These
programs have not implemented best practice commissioning because they have been primarily focused on O&M energy savings and due to budget limitations. A best practice EBCx process works to meet the owner’s current facility requirements, whatever they may be, through identifying and implementing facility improvement measures. In addition to energy benefits, these measures can yield non‐energy benefits such as improved occupant comfort and extended equipment life. The utility EBCx programs, while they include a limited investigation budget, have reaped significant savings (between 5 percent and 15 percent, typically) and have honed their program processes over successive program cycles to improve cost‐effectiveness.
One of the key challenges for utility programs is that significant investment is required to investigate a building (budget is typically $0.10 per square feet, paid by the utility) before a detailed understanding of savings potential is known. There is a risk in this case that eventual savings will not justify the investigation cost. Utilities have reduced this risk by requiring that owners implement ECMs that have a simple payback of less than one year. Measurement and Verification (M&V) is another challenge. EBCx is a whole‐building optimization process, but utility programs require each ECM to be calculated and verified separately, which can lead to lengthy cycles of review. Two standardized savings calculation tools – “BOA” and “C‐BOA” − have been developed to reduce the calculation review time and cost100. Whole‐building
approaches to M&V using energy use data are being explored as an alternative; this was the
99 For more information on EBCx, The Building Commissioning Association has developed a best practice guideline, available free at https://netforum.avectra.com/temp/ClientImages/BCA/b352902a- e491-4609-80ef-dc1bf6c8f6af.pdf
100 BOA stands for Building Optimization Analysis, and C‐BOA stands for Custom Building Optimization
Analysis. Both spreadsheet tools are available for free download at
subject of a stakeholder workshop in May 2012 organized by the California Commissioning Collaborative101.
The Continuous Optimization Program run by BC Hydro (Canada) is an example of an
innovative approach to EBCx that is proving successful. The two features offered by BC Hydro that have not been implemented in California are (a) the use of an advanced energy information system (EIS) to measure savings at the whole building level and to track persistence of savings, and (b) the provision of a remote energy manager/coach to work with building staff. These features, fully subsidized by the utility, have been instrumental in gaining rapid uptake – as of October 2011, the program had enrolled 117 customers, representing 468 sites. No projects have yet been completed, but the first 75 investigations showed an average expected savings of 11.5 percent.
Outside of utility EBCx programs, there is little data to quantify the volume of EBCx projects happening in California or nationally. While it is thought that EBCx has enjoyed steady growth over the last decade, there is little to suggest that it is normal practice, let alone that it is
performed every 3‐5 years as is typically recommended102. For this reason, the continued
support from utilities is vital for the continued growth of EBCx practice and to further hone the EBCx process. The application of advanced software tools – such as advanced EIS and
automated fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) − within EBCx program frameworks shows
great promise for automating M&V, uncovering additional savings, and providing greater assurance that savings will persist. Beyond these technical benefits, the software could also be a useful recruitment tool for building owners needing better energy management103.
Similar to EBCx, there is little data on the volume of ASHRAE energy audits performed. It is thought that they are often incorporated as part of ESCO projects, which are predominantly applied within the public sector (About 80 percent of ESCO projects are public sector.) Within utility programs, energy audits are uncommon. Multiple utilities have “nonresidential audit” programs, but formal ASHRAE audits are restricted to customers with high demand (>200kW), of which there are relatively few. (Smaller customers receive online or phone audits typically.) Policies such as the San Francisco Ordinance104 may lead to a larger volume of ASHRAE audits in future and may provide a resource for tracking the volume and quality of audits performed. Performing an energy audit or EBCx is a complex process if carried through to upgrade, monitoring, and verification, typically involving capital outlays, the hiring of consultants and contractors, and time‐consuming consultation with financiers and utilities. Some of the greatest
101 Workshop summary report available at http://www.cacx.org/meetings/meetings/2012‐05‐
03/Whole Building Workshop Summary Report v2.pdf.
102 The State of California has shown leadership in this area, through executive orders that require
commissioning for state buildings.
103 Application of advanced software tools in programs was part of the CCC workshop referenced in
note 69 above.
barriers to the implementation of audits/EBCx revolve around the time and expertise required to realize the benefits of these processes. For owners to determine the consultants who can provide results in a cost‐effective and timely manner is labor‐intensive. One limiting factor to market uptake of these processes is the time cost for company personnel to get up to speed and execute their first successful project.
In addition, the knowledge level for larger organizations is deeper and generally more capable of dealing with the complexities of an upgrade process compared to typical small business owners, thus tending to cause small businesses to not participate in energy audit and upgrade
programs.