EL CONCEJO COINEÑO ANTES DEL CORREGIMIENTO
2. Antecedentes históricos
2.2. Repartimiento y repoblación
Traditionally, the majority of financial assistance has come in the form of rebates and incentives. California has a mature business model, in which the investor‐owned utilities are directed by law to reduce demand as the primary strategy for meeting energy needs in the state. The CPUC, as explained elsewhere in this document, has been shifting focus from a single‐measure approach – such as lighting and appliance change outs – to adopting a whole‐building model that acknowledges the house as a system. Such a shift demands that incentives move away from widget‐based rebates and toward a performance approach where incentives are paid based on improvement over some baseline energy performance. The shift toward whole‐ building approaches has been piloted and subsequently rolled out at the state level in all IOU territory in California for the single‐family residential sector. After more than a year of program experience, the IOUs are learning from early implementation and adjusting their programs through the 2013‐2014 application cycle. While the IOUs have introduced programs in the single‐family sector and are gaining significant experience, the multifamily sector lags considerably. However, the IOUs are expected to introduce a strategy for achieving deeper retrofits in the multifamily sector in the 2013‐2014 application cycle, as directed by the CPUC
Guidance Decision45.
For the commercial sector, some programs exist to encourage a more comprehensive analysis of a whole building operation, such as existing building commissioning and calculated incentive programs that allow flexibility to couple groups of measures and pay based on performance improvements. However, these programs are not being used to develop a comprehensive package of operational and retrofit opportunities that can be incorporated into an owner’s long‐ term energy efficiency upgrade strategy; furthermore, market penetration for these programs is very low. In response to the CPUC’s Guidance Decision, the California IOUs are proposing a
”Whole Building demonstration” in the Statewide Commercial Program Implementation Plan
(PIP). This demonstration will be used to evaluate more comprehensive approaches to energy efficiency upgrades and to measuring savings impacts. An industry workshop organized by the
44 The Energy Commission created and maintains the California Utility Allowance Calculator
(http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/affordable/cuac/index.php), which can directly help affordable
housing developers overcome the split incentive issue.
California Commissioning Collaborative and hosted by Pacific Gas and Electric Co. (PG&E) in May 2012 was a major driver for this initiative46.
Financing in the CPUC Guidance Decision
While this new whole building model recognizes the complexity of building science and the interaction of different energy measures, it also drives the market toward deeper, more comprehensive building retrofits and creates an even more pressing demand for financing models that are well adapted to these types of projects. As noted above, the CPUC has been investigating expanding the use of ratepayer funds for financing since D. 09‐09‐047, and in the
Guidance Decision proposed a suite of new financing options. These financing strategies rely on the approach of leveraging private investment capital with ratepayer funds. One statewide pilot is an On‐Bill Repayment (OBR) program, which would have the utilities facilitating private transactions secured by the meter and repaid through current utility billing systems for nonresidential and multifamily customers47. In addition to rolling out the OBR program, the
Guidance Decision continues funding for the current On Bill Financing program and provides direction to the IOUs to continue support for successful ARRA financing programs. The
Guidance Decision also includes a portfolio of credit enhancements available for small business and residential customers. These credit enhancements would sweeten the deal for consumers and are targeted to support greater investments in energy efficiency. A homeowner looking to finance a furnace replacement, for example, could be offered a more attractive interest rate if willing to expand the project to include building envelope measures and/or duct sealing.
Outside of utility rebates, another incentive available to commercial and multifamily building owners is a federal tax deduction covered under Internal Revenue Code Section 179(d). This allows for an immediate depreciation deduction of up to $1.80 per square foot for commercial buildings that achieve a 50 percent reduction in total energy and power costs, relative to the ASHRAE 90.1 building standard48. Documentation requirements are onerous, though49,
favoring owners with large portfolios who may have energy managers and tax professionals on staff. In addition, eligibility requirements mean that real estate investment trusts (REITs)
46 Workshop Summary Report available at http://www.cacx.org/meetings/meetings/2012‐05‐
03/Whole Building Workshop Summary Report v2.pdf
47 A central component of OBR financing is the ability of the utility to shut off energy service to the
borrower in the event of nonpayment, creating security for the financer. The shutoff provisions of on‐bill
repayment are subject to debate, and thus far the IOUs and ratepayer advocates have protested against
extending shut‐off provisions to residential consumers. The Guidance Decision avoids directing the IOUs
to provide OBR for single family residential customers while the legality of these provisions is being
worked out.
48 Available at www.ashrae.org
49 The success of federal tax incentives introduced through the 2005 Energy Policy Act, including 179D, is
summarized in the report Energy Efficiency Tax Incentives, 2005‐2011: How Have They Performed? Available
typically cannot take advantage of 179(d) tax deductions. In 2011 President Obama’s Better Buildings Initiative called on Congress to redesign 179(d) to improve market adoption among commercial and multifamily properties.50 Draft revised language indicates a plan to increase the maximum deduction from $1.80 to $4.00 per square feet, adding terminology to allow greater access by REITs, and adding requirements around savings modeling approach rather than
requiring conformance to ASHRAE 90.1.