Locuciones lexicalizadas y semilexicalizadas:
5. La semilexicalización y sus consecuencias
Massányi P., Toman R., Valent M.*, Slamečka J**., Fabiš M., Kováčik J., Čupka P., Kramárová M.
University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic*West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.V., USA
**Research Instutute of Animal Production, Hlohovská 2, 949 91 Nitra, Slovak Republic
ABSTRACT
A mineral profile of rabbits after an experimental intraperitoneal (1.5 mg.kg-1) and peroral (1,0 mg.kg-1 for 5
months) administration of cadmium was studied.
There were no significant differences of magnesíum, chlorides, sodium, potassium and ratio Na/K in all experimental groups. We found significant differences in the concentration of phosphorus, calcium and ratio Ca/P in the group with i.p. application in comparison with the control group and the group with chronic p.o. application. There were no significant differences in concentration of these parameters among the control group and the group with chronic administration of cadmium.
INTRODUCTION
Cadmium is chemically similar to zinc and occurs naturally with zinc and lead in sulfide ores. Higher concentrations are generally associated with natural mineralisation or fallout from atmospheric particulates containing cadmium, if not artificially raised by manufacturing activities in a particular area. It has been determined that most of the cadmium that enters into the combustible fraction of municipal solid waste comes from plastics and pigments in various products. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene copolymer products are the main source of plastics containing cadmium pigments.
The liver is one of the major storage organs of cadmium and may be adversely affected by this metal. In exposed workers, changes in liver function are generally slight compared to the changes in renal function (FRIBERG et al., 1986, GINTER, NAGYOVA, 1991). Long-term ingestion of large amounts of cadmium had until now been observed only in Japan. This led to kidney dysfunction, as in industriel exposure, and a severe bone disease known as Itai-itai disease. The importance of cadmium in occupational health is based mainly on its nephrotoxicity. Proximal tubules are the target of cadmium toxicity. The indicators of renal damaqe are urinary proteins, which are divided into three categories: the high molecular weight enzymes (I) alanin aminopeptidase and N – acetyl ß- D - glucosaminidase, the intermediate molecular weight protein (II) albumin, and the low molecular weight proteins (III) retinol-binding protein and β3-microglobin (MUELLER
et al,. 1992).
The aim of our study was to determine whether cadmium influences selected minerals in blood serum.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All experiments were conducted on rabbits (Hyla, VÚŽV Nitra). All animals (24) were devided into three groups (K, A, B). Eight rabbits received cadmium i.p. (1.5 mg.kg-1 body weight). These animals (group A)
were killed 48 hours after administration of cadmium (CdCl2, Siqma Chemical Company, St. Louis). A
chronic experiment (group B) was carried on the same number of animals. Cadmium was applied in the dose of 1,0 mg.kg-1 b.w. for five months in their pelletized food. The food and the water were available for all
animals ad libitum. All animals were killed after an application period. Cadmium was diluted with the physiological solution to the claimed concentration. The last qroup (K) was the control receiving no cadmium. During killing in extremis the blood from the vena jugularis was used for evaluation of selected parameters of mineral profile (magnesium, phosphorus, chlorides, sodium, potassium, calcium). Magnesium, phosphorus and chlorides were rated by spectrophotometry (Unicam SP 1800) and sodium, potassium and calcium were evaluated by flame spectrophotometry (Flapho 4). The serum was obtained by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 30 minutes.
From final data basic statistical characteristics were calculated (StdDev, Mean), and an analysis of variance by Scheffe's test was completed for each variable.
RESULTS
In comparison of the values of magnesium, chlorides, sodium and potassium we found no significant differences. The level of magnesium was the lowest after the chronic administration. The concentration of chlorides was in all groups in the range from 141.32 to 147.12 mmol.l-1. The sodium level was very stable
(146.09 - 148.86 mmol,l-1). The lowest average concentration of potassium was after an i.p. acute application
(6.62 mmol.l-1). In comparing the concentrations in the control group (7.11 mmol.l-1) with the concentrations
in the group with chronic administration (7.09 mmol.l-1), we found that the levels were nearly the same.
We found significant differences in concantrations of phosphorus and calcium, and also in the ratio of calcium to phosphorus. The level of phosphorus was significantly higher (2.23 mmol,l-1) after an i.p. application. The
same effect was seen ín the level of calcium (3.97 mmol.l-1). The Ca/P ratio significantly decreased to 1.36
after an i.p. administration of cadmium,
We found no significant differences in the ratio of sodium to potassium, where the data was from 21.07 (group B) to 21,44 (qroup K).
DISCUSSION
The results of our experiment show that cadmium causes changes in the mineral profile in rabbits. Cadmium can be toxic to many tissues. KOTSONIS and KLAASSEN (1977) determined the level of 109Cd in the liver,
heart, lungs, kidneys, spleen, testes, intestine, muscles, brain, pancreas, blood, and blood serum, They found a direct relation between the concentration of cadmium in tissues and cadmium in the blood, which was dependent on dosage. Also many other authors have decribed toxic effects of cadmium (NRIAGU, 1981: VARGA et al., 1991: 1033: WAALKES et al., 1983).
During chronic cadmium poisoning, neuralogical pain is observed around and parallel to long bones, the backbone, pelvic bones, and after sufficient exposure, Milkman's Syndrome occurs: transversal fissures on the long bones of the
Table 1. Average values of mineral profile parameters
Group K Group A Group B
Parameter x (s) x (s) x (s) 1,22 1,17 0,94 Magnesium (mmol.l-1) (0,34) (0,09) (0,13) 1,88 2,23* 1,70 Phosphorus (mmol.l-1) (0,37) (0,25) (0,38) 141,32 143,20 147,12 Chlorides (mmol.l-1) (7,70) (10,09) (12,70) 147,90 146,09 148,86 Sodium (mmol.l-1) (3,55) (4,09) (3,08) 7,11 6,62 7,09 Potassium (mmol.l-1) (1,16) (0,84) (0,50) 3,40 2,97* 3,67 Calcium (mmol.l-1) (0,24) (0,39) (0,13) 1,88 1,36* 2,24 Ca/P (0,45) (0,29) (0,44) 21,44 22,40 21,07 Na/K (4,19) (2,87) (1,48) * - P<0.05
limbs, on the scapules, and on the pelvic bones with the symptoms of osteoporosis (JAROŠ, 1988). Renal failure disturbs the metabolism of the minerals of bones and increases urine excretion of calcium and phosphorus (FRIBERG et al., 1986). In our experiment, we found a disturbance in the Ca/P ratio of the blood serum 48 hours after i.p. administration. IGUCHI and SANO (1982) reported that cadmium effects lysyloxidase and indirectly effects the metabolism of bone collagen. Itai-itai disease is the Japanese expression of the syndrome describing the serious renal-tubular disorder end osteomalacia associated with different stages of osteoporosis among people with high exposure to cadmium via food and drinking water. This disorder of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D metabolism caused by renal tubular disorder can explain the initiation of osteomalacia or osteoporosis. FRIBERG et al. (1986) also found that cadmium decreases PTH stimulation of adenylcyclase in renal tubular cells, inhibits hydroxylation of 25-OH-D3, increases urine
excretion of calcium, decreases absorption by the gastro-intestinal tract, and directly effects bone mineralization.
REFERENCES
Friberg,L., Kjellström,T., Nordberg,G.F.: Cadmium. In: Friberg,L. - Nordberg,G.F. - Vouk,V.: Handbook on the toxicology of metals. Elsevier Sci. Publ. B.V., 1986, 130-184.
Ginter,E., Nagyová,A.: Kadmium: Metabolizmus a mechanizmus toxického pôsobenia. Čs. fyziologie, 40, 1991, 575 - 582.
Iguchi,H., Sano,S.: Effect of cadmium on the bone - collagene metabolism of rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 62, 1982, 126-136.
Jaroš,F.: Praktická toxikologie, Martin, Osveta 1988.
Kotsonis,F.N., Klaassen,C.D.: Toxicity and distribution of cadmium administered to rats at sublethal doses. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 41, 1977, 667-680.
Mueller,P.W., Paschal,D.C., Hammel,R.R., Klincewicz,S.L., Macneil,M.L., Spierto,H., Steinberg, K.K.: Chronic renal effects in three studies of men and women occupationally exposed to cadmium. Arch. Envir. Contam. Toxicol., 23, t992, 125 - 136.
Nriagu, J.O.: Cadmium in the environment. Part II. NY - Chichester - Brisbane - Toronto - Singapore. John Wiley and Sons, 1981.
Varga,B., Paksy,K., Náray,M.: Distribution of cadmium in ovaries, adrenals and pituitary gland after chronic administration in rats. Acta Physiol. Hung., 73, 1991, 221 - 226.
Vrzgula,L.: Poruchy látkového metabolizmu hospodárskych zvierat a ich prevencia. Príroda, Bratislava, 1990. Waalkes,M.P., Rehm,S., Perantoni,A.: Metal - binding proteins of the Syrian hamster ovaries : Apparent deficiency of metallothionein. Biol. Reprod., 39, 1988, 953-961.
FUNKCIA ZINKU V ORGANIZME SAMCOV
Mesároš P., Cigánková V., Bíreš J., Černota S.
Univerzita veterinárskeho lekárstva, Košice
ABSTRACT
After the i.m. application of ZINDEP inj. (on the basis of elementary zinc and zinc oxide). It was found that: • Its biological efficacy in the experimental group manifested already on d 8, while the maximum levels were found on d 30 and 60 after its administration.
• An increase in Zn level in the ejaculate occurred and its highest amount was recorded on d 60 after administration.
• During the period observed, the preparation markedly increased the sperm density and activity (bulls).
ÚVOD
V posledných rokoch sú intenzívne študované základné biologické funkcie jednotlivých mikroelementov, ktorých prítomnosť v organizme je podmienkou pre plynulý a nerušený priebeh reprodukčných funkcií u samcov. Zinok patrí medzi esenciálne prvky pre všetky druhy žijúcich organizmov a ako súčasť metaloenzýmov zasahuje do všetkých životne dôležitých funkcií. Reprodukčné orgány samčích a samičích zvierat ovplyvňuje priamo hypofyzárno-gonadálnou osou. U samcov reguluje vylučovanie hypofyzárnych gonadotropínov, androgénov a testosterónu ( O'DELL, 1988). Pri nedostatku zinku pri mladých jedincoch sa zastavuje vývoj semenníkov a tubulárny epitel atrofuje ( HATCH a kol. 1987; BÍREŠ a kol. 1987; CIGÁNKOVÁ, 1994). Plemenníci s nedostatkom zinku produkujú ejakuláty s klesajúcou motilitou, hustotou a percentom prežívajúcich spermií, v dôsledku čoho je znížená aj jeho fertilita. Výsledkom je potom celková porucha spermatogenézy (CIGÁNKOVÁ a kol. 1994), čo sa prejaví nižšou oplodňovacou schopnosťou produkovaného semena (BÍREŠ a VRZGULA, 1985).
Zinok sa zúčastňuje na strate bunkových a organelových membrán a zároveň ich chráni pred vonkajšími vplyvmi, čo je zvlášť dôležité pre spermálne bunky v procese spracovania semena ( REYES a kol. 1993). Cieľom práce bolo posúdiť biologickú účinnosť prípravku Zindep inj. u býkov, baranov a žrebcov na vybraté parametre metabolizmu, koncentráciu Zn v semene a jeho kvalitatívne vlastnosti.
MATERIÁL A METODIKA
V našich pokusoch sme použili 7 býkov slov. strakatého dobytka, 13 baranov plemena merino a 4 teplokrvných žrebcov. U všetkých zvierat pred zaradením do pokusu sme stanovili hladinu zinku v krvi, ktorú sme odoberali z v. jugularis a zinok v krvnom sére sme stanovovali na prístroji Perkin Elmer - 1.100 metódou atómovej spektrofotometrie s použitím plameňovej techniky.
Piatim pokusným býkom s hypozinkémiou sme aplikovali jednorazovo prípravok Zindep inj. a. u. vet do svaloviny krku. v dávke 3 mg Zn.kg-1 živej hmotnosti. Štyrom žrebcom sme uvedený prípravok podali v
dávke l mg Zn.kg-1 ž.h. a ôsmim pokusným baranom v dávke 10 mg Zn.kg-1 ž.h. Počas sledovaného obdobia
(8., 20., 30. a 60.deň po aplikácii) boli jednotlivé druhy zvierat chované v rovnakých podmienkach. Ejakulát sme získavali pomocou umelej vagíny pravidelne dvakrát týždenne (okrem žrebcov) a hodnotili bežnými spermatologickými metódami.
VÝSLEDKY A DISKUSIA
Východisková zinkémia bola u pokusných býkov 8,8 µmol.-1 u kontrolných 6,8 µmol.-1. Maximálnu
zinkémiu sme pozorovali na 30.deň pokusu (17,8 µmol.-1), čo oproti východiskovej hodnote predstavuje
nárast o vyše 100 %. Na približne rovnakej vysokej úrovni sa udržiavala hladina zinku v krvnom sére aj na 60.deň pokusu. V kontrolnej skupine sa koncentrácia Zn v krvnom sére v priebehu experimentu pohybovala od 6.8 do 8,2 µmol.l-1. Pozitívny vplyv prípravku Zindep inj. na hladinu zinku v sére sme zaznamenali aj pri
Obsah zinku v ejakuláte pokusných býkov bol pred podaním prípravku 51,7 mg.l.-1. Signifikantné zvýšenie
hladiny Zn sme v ejakuláte ošetrených býkov pozorovali v porovnaní s východiskovými hodnotami na 30. a 60.deň (61,9 resp. 88,0 mg.l.-1). Hladiny Zn kontrolnej skupiny sa počas sledovaného obdobia líšili nepatrne
(50,3 až 52,0 mg.l.-1 ).
Množstvo zinku v ejakuláte baranov pred aplikáciou prípravku bolo u pokusnej skupiny 9,7 mg.l.-1
a kontroly 11,4 mg.l.-1. Signifikantná významnosť rozdielov hladín Zn v ejakuláte experimentálnych baranov
sa oproti kontrolnej skupine potvrdila na 30. a 60.deň experimentu (podobne ako pri býkoch).
Počiatočná hladina Zn v semene sledovaných žrebcov bola 0,7 mg.l.-1. Maximálny nárast bol zaznamenaný
na 30.deň experimentu - 1,9 mg.l.-1 a na 60.deň 1,2 mg.l.-1.
Pri sledovaní vybraných spermiologických ukazovateľov pri býkoch sme zistili, že priemerný objem ejakulátu pred aplikáciou bol 5 ml. Najvyššiu hodnotu tohto ukazovateľa sme zaznamenali 9.týždeň sledovania (5,9 ml). Pri hodnotení aktivity spermií sme zaznamenali najvyššie hodnoty 4.týždeň pokusu - 80 % a 9.týždeň - 77 % aktívnych spermií.
Hodnoty sledovaných ukazovateľov ejakulátu baranov (pokusných aj kontrolných) boli počas sledovaného obdobia v rámci normy. Podobné zistenia boli zaznamenané aj pri žrebcoch.
Hladiny vybraných prvkov v ejakulátoch hospodárskych zvierat a ich vzťah ku kvalite spermií študovali MASSÁNYI a TRANDŽÍK (1991), MASSÁNYI a kol. (1996)a LUKÁČ a kol.( 2000).
LITERATÚRA
BÍREŠ, J. a Vrzgula, L. : Veterinářství, 35, 1985:62-64. BÍREŠ, J. a kol: Biol. chem. Vet, (Praha), 23, 2, 1987:135-141. CIGÁNKOVÁ,V. a kol: Slov. vet. čas., XIX, 3, 1994:134-138.
LUKÁČ,N., MASSÁNYI,P., TOMAN, R., TRANDŽÍK, J., SLAMEČKA, J., KOVÁČIK, J., BÁRDOS, L: Proceeding Book, Lipt. Ján, 2000:258-260.
MASSÁNYI, L., TRANDŽÍK, J.: Vet. Med. ( Praha ), 36, 1991: 79-92.
MASSÁNYI, P., TRANDŽÍK, J., MASSÁNYIOVÁ, K., ČELOVSKÝ, M.: Acta Zootechnica, 51, 1996:95- 98.
HATCH, P.A. a kol.: Nutr. Rep. Int., 35, 1987:1175-1185. REEVES, P.G. a kol.: J. Nutr., 118, 1988:622-626.