Ley del Impulso
L O QUE SE NECESITA PARA CONSERVAR EL IMPULSO ¿Cómo puede un equipo ganador seguir ganando? ¿Cuál es la clave que hace posible que
Council Directive 99/31/EC of 26 April 1999 deals with the landfill of waste. It seeks to prevent or reduce damage to the environment caused by the landfilling of waste, and deals in particular with surface water, groundwater, soil, air and hu- man health. In some regions of Europe, particu- larly those which are densely populated, there is no room for further landfill. In addition, the dan- ger it poses in terms of water and soil pollution and protests by the local population should make it a less and less viable option, but the economic aspect often takes priority and landfilling very often remains the least costly procedure for the disposal of waste.
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ENVIRONMENT
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NB: CY: 1993; B, D, F: 1996; LV, NL, SK: 1997; CZ, EE, E, IRL, I, LT, PL, RO, S: 1998; A, DK, FIN, EL, HU, L, P, UK, ML: 1999; BG, SI: 2000. B: Nuts 1. CZ, PL: old version of statistical regions (1997)
Municipal waste collected per capita/year (kg)
200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200
Dessau Tübingen
Graph 10.2 — Municipal waste collected per capita at national level as well as regional extremes
Kentriki Makedonia Notio Aigaio
Cantabria Islas Baleares
Picardie Corse
Southern and Eastern Border, Midlands and Western
Emilia-Romagna Molise Zuid-Holland Limburg (NL) Wien Vorarlberg Algarve Centro (P)
Småland med Öarna Mellersta Norrland Scotland South East DK D EL E F IRL L A P FIN S UK BG NL I Bruxelles-Cap. Région Wallonne B CY CZ EE HU LT LV Severocesky Praha Közép-Dunántúl Dél-Dunántúl ML PL RO SI SK Wroclawskie Ciechanowskie Centru Sud-Vest Zapadne Slovensko Stredne Slovensko 10-Environment EN 3/10/02 16:38 Página 132
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only be chosen when well-located and well- designed sites exist and certain types of waste are pre-processed before being landfilled. It will only be possible to landfill final waste. The alternatives to landfill are, first of all, to reduce the production of waste by limiting the use of packaging materi- als and turning to recycling and the composting of organic waste. The fact that municipal waste is of mixed composition means makes these methods of management particularly relevant. Waste is of- ten incinerated: this offers the advantage of pro- ducing energy, but does require costly investment to prevent toxic emissions and strict rules govern-
ing the design and operation of incineration plants.
Map 10.3 shows that in Europe landfill is still by far the most common method of managing municipal waste.
The countries of eastern Europe appear to make the most use of landfill (Poland, Estonia, Lithua- nia, Romania, Slovenia, Hungary, the Czech Re- public), the figure being almost 100 % of the mu- nicipal waste concerned in almost all regions. It should, however, be borne in mind that the candi- date countries produce the lowest amount of mu- nicipal waste per capita in Europe. Slovakia is the
Percentage of municipal waste collected going to landfill
(including residues from other operations)
1999 — NUTS 2 > 95 71–95 51–70 31–50 ≤30
Data not available
B, UK: NUTS 1; FIN: National level. D: NUTS version 1995.
CZ, PL: 1998 regional breakdown (old regions). CZ: 1994; SI: 1995; B, D, F: 1996; NL, LV, SK: 1997. E, IRL, I, S, EE, LT, PL, RO: 1998.
Statistical data: Eurostat. Database: REGIO © EuroGeographics, for the administrative boundaries Cartography: Eurostat — GISCO, 07/2002
Map 10.3
only candidate country to use landfill for less than half its municipal waste.
In the European Union countries, most of the new
Länderin Germany use landfill almost exclusively
and some even import waste from other regions, thus increasing the quantities they manage (in Brandenburg, which encircles the city of Berlin, almost one million tonnes of waste were collected in 1996, but almost three million tonnes were landfilled). Some of the old Ländertherefore have
a low percentage of landfilled waste. In France, the regions of Normandie and Alsace form the ex- ception to the rule with less than one quarter of their waste being landfilled. In Austria, the only region which makes over 50 % use of landfill is Kärnten, as the others make greater use of incin- eration, recycling and/or composting.
In the south of Europe, Spain landfills around 76 % of its municipal waste. The Madrid and Co- munidad Valenciana regions have reduced their landfill rates to 55 % and 43 % respectively by giving priority to incineration in the case of
Madrid and recycling in the case of Comunidad Valenciana. In the Islas Baleares region, 95 % of municipal waste is incinerated. In Italy and Greece, landfill accounts for 66 % and 77 % of municipal waste respectively with significant dif- ferences between regions. In Italy, four regions (Lombardia, Umbria, Abruzzo and Calabria) landfill only around one third of their municipal waste. They incinerate and compost their waste and also, probably, export some to other regions. In Greece, waste is exported to be landfilled in the Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki, Sterea Ellada and Voreio Aigaio regions.
Further to the north, in the United Kingdom, landfill is common practice as very few regions incinerate their waste, and the same is true of Ireland where over 90 % of municipal waste is disposed of in this way. At the other end of the scale, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands and Den- mark make very little use of landfill (around 20 % of municipal waste), as they have developed methods of incineration, recycling and composting.
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