CAPÍTULO V EL DIA FELIZ
4. Respuesta a una objeción
Every year I ask the students as to how much urine they produce in a day.... and every year I am AMAZED that not a few have NO CLUE!
You know of course that Water and Na balance are closely interdependent.
Total body water (TBW) is about 60% of body weight (ranging from about 50% in obese people to 70% in lean people; I keep telling auntie that it is ok for me to run in the rain to the car as I am 70% water!).
Almost 2/3 of TBW is in the intracellular compartment (intracellular fluid); the other 1/3 is extracellular (extracellular fluid). Normally, about 25% of the ECF is in the intravascular compartment; the other 75% is interstitial fluid.
Total body water = 70 kg × 0.60 = 42 L.
The major intracellular cation is K, with an average concentration of 140 mEq/L. (To remember think of Na concentration in blood). The extracellular K concentration is ONLY 3.5 to 5 mEq/L. Do realise the HUGE Gradient!
The major extracellular cation is Na, with an average concentration of 140 mEq/L and an intracellular Na concentration of 12 mEq/L. The Na-‐K exchange pump is super duper efficient to maintain this gradient.
Osmotic forces: The concentration of combined solutes in water is osmolarity (its in simple words the amount of solute per L of solution la), which, in body fluids, is similar to osmolality (amount of solute per kg of solution). Words words words... a litre of fluid is about 1 kg ma!
Hence, Plasma osmolality can be estimated according to the formula
Plasma osmolality (mOsm/kg) = Na + Glucose + Urea
where serum Na is expressed in mEq/L and glucose and BUN are expressed in mg/dL. OLD UNITS. These are the BIG BOYs ma.
Whose the Number 1 badminton player in the world? Chong Wei, everyone knows right! Whose no 2? Lin Dan right! Now whose no 3?? Errrr Errrr. Only the big boys are BIG, the rest cannot remember! Same in Blood! Remember the BIG BOYs! Your blood when you bite your tongue is SALTY! Thats the Chong Wei! If you are diabetic it may be sweet lorr. Thats Lin Dan and of course as Renal failure comes, Urea is a BIG player now.
Osmolality of body fluids is normally between 275 and 290 mOsm/kg.
Na is the major determinant of serum osmolality.
An osmolar gap is present when measured osmolality exceeds estimated osmolality by ≥ 10 mOsm/kg. When this happens, there is a DARK HORSE!!
Someone has crept in and upset the RANKING ORDER! WHO IS THAT you must ask!
It is caused by unmeasured osmotically active substances present in the plasma. The most common are alcohols (ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol), mannitol and glycine.
From the formula you can see how Urea affects the osmolality in the ESRF patient.
Water crosses cell membranes freely from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration. Thus, osmolality tends to equalize across the various body fluid compartments, resulting primarily from movement of water, not solutes. Note that Solutes such as urea that freely diffuse across cell membranes have little or no effect on water shifts (little or no osmotic activity), whereas solutes that are restricted primarily to one fluid compartment, such as Na and K, have the greatest osmotic activity.
Water intake and excretion: The average daily fluid intake is about 2.5 L. ( Note the IVD regimes we use when a patient is "Nil by mouth! How much fluid do we give??)
In the normal resting state, input of water through ingested fluids is approximately 1200 ml/day, from ingested foods 1000 ml/day and from metabolism 300 ml/day, totaling 2500cc/day. Note the magic number!
The amount needed to replace losses from the urine and other sources is about 1 to 1.5 L/day in healthy adults. (Most of you are smart to carry a 1000cc bottle!)
However, on a short-‐term basis, an average young adult with normal kidney
function may survive on as little as 200 mL of water each day to excrete the
nitrogenous and other wastes generated by cellular metabolism. The urine will be very concentrated! More is needed in people with any loss of renal concentrating capacity.
If we are to use urine output as a means of judging adequate hydration status, this firstly assumes that the renal function is NORMAL. If we see at least 1-‐1.5cc of urine output a minute, this is reassuring of adequate provision of fluids. At 1cc a minute, we expect 60cc an hour and about 1500cc per day. This is about the average urine output for an adult.
When we do not drink or is not on IVD, the kidneys will concentrate our urine as you will notice in the urine that you pass on waking up; its concentrated after not
drinking for 7-‐8 hours of sleep.
Renal concentrating capacity is lost in -‐The elderly
-‐Patients with diabetes insipidus, certain renal disorders, hypercalcemia, severe salt restriction, chronic overhydration, or hyperkalemia
-‐People who ingest ethanol, phenytoin, lithium, or amphotericin B
-‐People with osmotic diuresis (eg, due to high-‐protein diets or hyperglycemia)
Other obligatory water losses are mostly insensible losses from the lungs (about 500cc) and skin (depending on ambient temperature and humidity, it varies from 300 onwards), averaging about 650 to 850 mL/day in a 70-‐kg adult. Sweat losses can be significant during environmental heat exposure (like in the last few days; notice my water bottle empties fast to replace my sweat in the wards) or excessive
exercise. With fever, another 50 to 75 mL/day may be lost for each degree C of temperature elevation above normal.
Assuming a loss of about 800cc from breathing and sweating PLUS whatever little urine is passed by the ESRF patient on HD, that is his allowed water intake per day.
GI losses are usually negligible, except when vomiting, diarrhoea, or both occur.
Water intake is regulated by thirst. Thirst is triggered by receptors in the
anterolateral hypothalamus that respond to increased serum osmolality (as little as 2%) or decreased body fluid volume. Rarely hypothalamic dysfunction decreases the capacity for thirst.
Water excretion by the kidneys is regulated primarily by ADH (vasopressin). ADH is released by the posterior pituitary and results in increased water reabsorption in the distal nephron. ADH release is stimulated by any of the following:
Increased serum osmolality Decreased blood volume Decreased BP
Stress!! Remember this! A patient post surgery, septic or in my Long Case class or worse BEDSIDE Class will have increased ADH output. (I cannot understand why some students keep going to the toilet, better check your renal function!)
ADH release may be impaired by certain substances (eg, ethanol, phenytoin) and central diabetes insipidus
Water intake decreases serum osmolality. Low serum osmolality inhibits ADH secretion, allowing the kidneys to produce dilute urine.
32) ON BILIRUBIN METABOLISM