• No se han encontrado resultados

REALIDADE VIRTUAL E AUMENTADA: APLICANDO AO ENSINO A UTILIZAÇÃO DE TECNOLOGIAS

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2020

Share "REALIDADE VIRTUAL E AUMENTADA: APLICANDO AO ENSINO A UTILIZAÇÃO DE TECNOLOGIAS"

Copied!
6
0
0

Texto completo

(1)REALIDADE VIRTUAL E AUMENTADA: APLICANDO AO ENSINO A UTILIZAÇÃO DE TECNOLOGIAS. Gabriel Santana de Araújo 1 Stefânia Graces Mignone 2 Eliade Ferreira Lima 3. Resumo: O presente estudo aborda uma revisão de literatura sobre realidade aumentada (RA) e realidade virtual (RV) aplicadas em ambientes educacionais, e tem por objetivo expandir a visibilidade sobre esse assunto. Durante a pesquisa, não se acreditava ser possível o levantamento de um referencial extenso, pois tais tecnologias apenas recentemente chegaram ao ponto de funcionar sem causar náusea e dores de cabeça e de uma forma acessível, como por exemplo, HTC Vive, Oculus Rift, entre outras. No entanto, nos últimos anos, a pesquisa nessas áreas, provavelmente por conta da evolução tecnológica, especialmente na área de RV, tem aumentado. Este escrito também demonstra as vantagens apresentadas no aumento de interesse e compreendimento da matéria que discentes podem vir a ter graças a utilização destas tecnologias dentro de sala de aula. A maioria dos dados encontrados são positivos para o ensino, sendo alguns com uma diferença extrema de pontuação, como por exemplo Chen et. al. (2018), que teve diferenças na pontuação de um questionário sobre fenômenos astronômicos pré e pós utilização do RV de 6,95 para 9,86. Ao se deparar com tais dados, os autores perceberam a importância de realizar estes testes em ambiente brasileiro, para confirmar se estas melhorias podem ser alcançadas, a qual será apresentada em um trabalho ulterior.. Palavras-chave: Educação, Realidade Virtual, Realidade Aumentada, Tecnologia. Modalidade de Participação: Pós-Graduação. REALIDADE VIRTUAL E AUMENTADA: APLICANDO AO ENSINO A UTILIZAÇÃO DE TECNOLOGIAS 1 Aluno de graduação. [email protected]. Autor principal 2 Aluno de Graduação. [email protected]. Co-autor 3 Docente. [email protected]. Orientador. Anais do 10º SALÃO INTERNACIONAL DE ENSINO, PESQUISA E EXTENSÃO - SIEPE Universidade Federal do Pampa | Santana do Livramento, 6 a 8 de novembro de 2018.

(2) 5($/,'$'( 9,578$/ ( $80(17$'$ $3/,&$1'2 $2 (16,12 $ 87,/,=$d-2 '( 7(&12/2*,$6. ,1752'8d-2 $ HGXFDomR YHP SURJUHVVLYDPHQWH VH DSURSULDQGR GH WHFQRORJLDV WDQWR SDUD IDFLOLWDU R SURFHVVR GH HQVLQR H DSUHQGL]DJHP TXDQWR SDUD PRWLYDU RV DOXQRV GXUDQWH D DSUHQGL]DJHP 1mR UDUR RV SURIHVVRUHV VH YDOHP GH UHFXUVRV DXGLRYLVXDLV FRPR VOLGHV H YtGHRV SDUD DSUHVHQWDUHP FRQFHLWRV GH PDQHLUD PDLV GLQkPLFD RX HPSUHJDU GLIHUHQWHV SRQWRV GH YLVWD VREUH XP DVVXQWR 3HVTXLVDUDP IRUPDV GH DSOLFDU D UHDOLGDGH YLUWXDO H DXPHQWDGD GHQWUR GD VDOD GH DXOD H DYHULJXDU VH WUD]HP YDQWDJHQV SDUD D LQVWUXomR GH GLVFHQWHV 1DV SDODYUDV GH 6DQWRV 2 FRPSXWDGRU p FRQVLGHUDGR FRPR XP GLVSRVLWLYR GH WHFQRORJLD DVVLVWLYD H SRUWDQWR XP IDFLOLWDGRU GD LQFOXVmR HVFRODU H QRWDGDPHQWH VRFLDO 2 REMHWLYR GHVWD p XWLOL]DU D PiTXLQD FRPR XPD IHUUDPHQWD LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU FRQWULEXLQGR DWUDYpV GR DFHVVR j LQWHUQHW H GR XVR GH VRIWZDUHV HGXFDWLYRV QDV DXODV GH GLIHUHQWHV GLVFLSOLQDV LQFHQWLYDQGR j SHVTXLVD OHLWXUD H D FRQVWUXomR GR FRQKHFLPHQWR P~WXR S. $VVLP DWUDYpV GHVWH DUWLJR VHUmR H[SOLFDGDV DV IRUPDV GH XWLOL]DomR H YDQWDJHQV GD 5$ H 59 QD iUHD GH HGXFDomR (VWD SHVTXLVD WHP FRPR REMHWLYR SULQFLSDO DEULU DV SRUWDV SDUD QRYDV PHWRGRORJLDV GH HQVLQR WHQWDQGR WUD]HU WHFQRORJLDV H FRQKHFLPHQWRV DLQGD SRXFR GLIXQGLGRV QR %UDVLO 7DLV PpWRGRV Mi VH HQFRQWUDP VHQGR SHVTXLVDGRV HP RXWURV SDtVHV FRPR (VWDGRV 8QLGRV 7DLZDQ H -DSmR RQGH QRUPDOPHQWH VmR HPSUHJDGRV SDUD GHPRQVWUDU FRPR D LQVHUomR GH WHFQRORJLDV HP VDOD GH DXOD SRGHP PHOKRUDU D TXDOLGDGH GD HGXFDomR. 0(72'2/2*,$ 2 SUHVHQWH WUDEDOKR VH FDUDFWHUL]D FRPR XPD UHYLVmR ELEOLRJUiILFD GH FXQKR TXDOLWDWLYR RQGH VmR DQDOLVDGRV DUWLJRV SXEOLFDGRV QD iUHD GD HGXFDomR PDLV SUHFLVDPHQWH FRP IRFR QD XWLOL]DomR GDV WHFQRORJLDV GH 5HDOLGDGH $XPHQWDGD 5$ H 5HDOLGDGH 9LUWXDO 59 DSOLFDGDV DR HQVLQR $V SHVTXLVDV IRUDP VHOHFLRQDGDV GH DFRUGR FRP D WHPiWLFD VHQGR WRGDV UHODFLRQDGDV j iUHD GH FLrQFLDV GD QDWXUH]D H GH XP SHUtRGR GH j 3DUD HVWD UHYLVmR IRUDP XWLOL]DGRV DUWLJRV SXEOLFDGRV HP UHYLVWDV LQGH[DGDV QD EDVH GH GDGRV *RRJOH $FDGrPLFR SRU DSUHVHQWDU R PDLRU Q~PHUR GH UHVXOWDGRV SDUD DV SHVTXLVDV HIHWXDGDV 2V DUWLJRV VHOHFLRQDGRV IRUDP H[DPLQDGRV SDUD GHWHUPLQDU VH HUDP DGHTXDGRV DR REMHWLYR GR HVWXGR 'XUDQWH HVWH H[DPH IRL DGRWDGR XP FRQMXQWR GH FULWpULRV GH LQFOXVmR H H[FOXVmR (P WRGRV RV FDVRV DOXGLPRV DRV UHVXOWDGRV GRV HVWXGRV SDUD DYHULJXDU TXDLV DV FRQWULEXLo}HV IRUQHFLGDV SHODV WHFQRORJLDV DGRWDGDV HP WDLV SHVTXLVDV H RX DV GLILFXOGDGHV HQIUHQWDGDV $SyV D DSOLFDomR GRV FULWpULRV DUWLJRV IRUDP FRQVLGHUDGRV UHOHYDQWHV SDUD R REMHWLYR GR HVWXGR. 5(68/7$'26 H ',6&866-2 'LYHUVRV HVWXGRV FRUURERUDP D HILFiFLD GHVWDV WHFQRORJLDV SDUD D HGXFDomR FRPR 6KDUPD HP XP HVWXGR VREUH HQVLQR GH ELRORJLD XWLOL]DQGR XPD PHWRGRORJLD FRP 59 $QDLV GR ž 6$/-2 ,17(51$&,21$/ '( (16,12 3(648,6$ ( (;7(16-2 6,(3( 8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GR 3DPSD œ 6DQWDQD GR /LYUDPHQWR D GH QRYHPEUR GH.

(3) QHVWD DQiOLVH GRV HVWXGDQWHV DSUHVHQWDUDP XP DXPHQWR QD SRQWXDomR HQTXDQWR GRV DOXQRV QmR DSUHVHQWDUDP DOWHUDomR QD SRQWXDomR e LQWHUHVVDQWH REVHUYDU TXH QHVVH HVWXGR QHQKXP DOXQR DSUHVHQWRX XPD GLPLQXLomR QD SRQWXDomR ,VVR PRVWUD TXH DV WHFQRORJLDV GH 59 GHVSHUWDP R LQWHUHVVH GRV DOXQRV FXOPLQDQGR HP XPD PDLRU DVVLPLODomR GRV FRQKHFLPHQWRV SRU SDUWH GHOHV $ XWLOL]DomR GHVWHV DPELHQWHV YLUWXDLV VH SURYDUDP PDLV HILFLHQWHV QR LQWHUHVVH GRV GLVFHQWHV GH PHGLFLQD FRPR SURYDGR SRU %DWWXOJD S. )RQWH %DWWXOJD HW DO. 7DEHOD 7DEHOD GH GDGRV VREUH QRWDV GRV DOXQRV VREUH D PDWpULD '&* *UXSR TXH XWLOL]RX PRGHORV HP GLPHQV}HV QR FRPSXWDGRU &RQWURO *URXS *UXSR GH FRQWUROH. $R FRPSDUDU RV GDGRV GD WDEHOD TXH IRL IHLWR HQWUH XP JUXSR TXH XWLOL]RX XPD VLPXODomR JUiILFD HP ' VREUH DQDWRPLD HP DXODV SDUD R FXUVR GH PHGLFLQD IRL QRWDGR XPD GLIHUHQoD VLJQLILFDQWH GH SRQWXDomR VREUH R FRPSUHHQGLPHQWR GR FRQWH~GR H VXD PHWRGRORJLD 1D iUHD GH PHWRGRORJLD IRL RQGH WHYH D PDLRU GLVFUHSkQFLD GH SRQWXDomR HQWUH R JUXSR GH FRQWUROH H RV TXH XWLOL]DUDP '&* PRVWUDQGR TXH DR SDVVDU R FRQWH~GR ILFD PDLV IiFLO VXD H[SOLFDomR H FRPSUHHQVmR FRPR SRGH VH QRWDU SHOD GLIHUHQoD GH DVVLPLODomR GH FRQWH~GR HQWUH HOHV $GHPDLV D XWLOL]DomR GHVVH WLSR GH WHFQRORJLD WHP VH PRVWUDGR XPD YDOLRVD DX[LOLDGRUD GD HGXFDomR WRUQDQGR R DSUHQGL]DGR PDLV PRWLYDGRU DR FRORFDU R GLVFHQWH GLDQWH GH XP LQVWUXPHQWR LQRYDGRU DR VHX PHLR WDPEpP VHQGR QRWiYHO QHVWDV WHFQRORJLDV D GHVWUH]D WUD]LGD DR HQWHQGLPHQWR GRV FRQFHLWRV HVSDFLDLV FRP R XVR GH 59 TXH HP XPD PHWRGRORJLD ' p GH GLItFLO YLVXDOL]DomR (P XP HVWXGR UHDOL]DGR SRU &KHQ HW DO S VREUH D FRPSUHHQVmR GH IHQ{PHQRV DVWURQ{PLFRV SRU DOXQRV GR VpWLPR DQR p SRVVtYHO SHUFHEHU D GLVFUHSkQFLD HQWUH RV UHVXOWDGR GR SUp H SyV WHVWHV 2 SUp WHVWH GHPRQVWURX XPD PpGLD GH DFHUWRV H DSyV RV $QDLV GR ž 6$/-2 ,17(51$&,21$/ '( (16,12 3(648,6$ ( (;7(16-2 6,(3( 8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GR 3DPSD œ 6DQWDQD GR /LYUDPHQWR D GH QRYHPEUR GH.

(4) FRQFHLWRV VHUHP H[SOLFDGRV FRP R DX[tOLR GH VRIWZDUHV GH 59 R SyV WHVWH UHYHORX XPD PpGLD GH DFHUWRV 3DUD FRPSOHPHQWDU HVWHV GDGRV RXWURV HVWXGRV LQGLFDUDP TXH D 59 SURPRYH XP PHOKRU GHVHPSHQKR 0DGGHQ HW DO HQTXDQWR *DEXQLODV HW DO DILUPRX TXH RV DOXQRV HP VHX HVWXGR DGRWDUDP XPD DWLWXGH SRVLWLYD HP UHODomR jV DWLYLGDGHV GH DSUHQGL]DJHP DSULPRUDGDV SRU 59 WHQGR FRPR FRQFOXVmR TXH HVVD PHWRGRORJLD DOpP GH PHOKRUDU R DSUHQGL]DGR GRV DOXQRV DXPHQWRX VXD PRWLYDomR SDUD DSUHQGHU 1R DUWLJR GH 2¶&RQQRU HW DO RV SHVTXLVDGRUHV FRQFOXtUDP TXH D DERUGDJHP FRP 59 SRGH PHOKRUDU R GHVHPSHQKR GH DSUHQGL]DGR GRV DOXQRV DX[LOLDQGR D YLVXDOL]DomR HVSDFLDO IRUQHFHQGR D H[SORUDomR HP WUrV GLPHQV}HV GR REMHWR HVWXGDGR H FRQVHTXHQWHPHQWH DMXGD RV D DGTXLULU PHOKRUHV KDELOLGDGHV GH LQYHVWLJDomR HP FRQWUDVWH .DXIPDQQ 6FKPDOVWLHJ H :DJQHU GHPRQVWUDP GLILFXOGDGHV WpFQLFDV TXH VmR WUD]LGDV SDUD HVWH SURFHVVR FRPR SRU H[HPSOR D FULDomR GH LQWHUIDFHV SDUD D XWLOL]DomR GRV DPELHQWHV GH 59 3RUpP DOXQRV H SURIHVVRUHV FRQVLGHUDP DV WHFQRORJLDV GH UHDOLGDGH YLUWXDO H DXPHQWDGD YiOLGDV PHWRGRORJLDV GH HQVLQR TXH IDFLOLWDP R DSUHQGL]DGR WUDQVIRUPDQGR HVVH REVWiFXOR HP DOJR YDQWDMRVR Mi TXH DSyV D PRQWDJHP GHVWHV HVSDoRV GH 59 D VXD XWLOL]DomR VH Gi GH IRUPD VLPSOHV 7RGRV HVWHV HVWXGRV PRVWUDUDP TXH DV DYDOLDo}HV H LQWHUHVVHV GRV DOXQRV DXPHQWDUDP GHSRLV GH H[SHULPHQWDU D WHFQRORJLD 5$ 59 7RUQDQGR QtWLGR DTXL FRPR D UHDOLGDGH DXPHQWDGD H D UHDOLGDGH YLUWXDO DR FRPELQDUHP DVSHFWRV GD OLQJXDJHP YHUEDO FRP D QmR YHUEDO DX[LOLDP RV DOXQRV D FRPSUHHQGHU PHOKRU RV WySLFRV HVWXGDGRV H SRU FRQVHJXLQWH WHU XP ERP GHVHPSHQKR HVFRODU &216,'(5$d®(6 ),1$,6 (UD HVSHUDGR XPD FHUWD GLILFXOGDGH SDUD HQFRQWUDU WUDEDOKRV GHVHQYROYLGRV QR QLFKR GH 5HDOLGDGH 9LUWXDO SRLV DLQGD p XPD iUHD FRP SRXFR HQIRTXH SDUD D HGXFDomR SRUpP UHFHQWHPHQWH KDYHQGR PDLV LQFHQWLYRV SDUD R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GHVWH FRP IRFR QR HQVLQR =\GD S 'XUDQWH D SHVTXLVD IRL QRWDGR TXH HP WLYHPRV XP DXPHQWR VLJQLILFDQWH GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR H SHVTXLVD QD iUHD GH 5HDOLGDGH 9LUWXDO FRPR SRGH VHU YLVXDOL]DGR QD ELEOLRJUDILD UHIHUHQFLDGD QHVWH HVFULWR e WDPEpP QRWiYHO D GLIHUHQoD VLJQLILFDQWH HQWUH D DVVLPLODomR GH FRQWH~GR HP DPEDV WHFQRORJLDV 5$ H 59 PRVWUDQGR TXH GHQWUH HVWDV SRGH HVWDU R IXWXUR GR HQVLQR &DGD iUHD GDV FLrQFLDV GD QDWXUH]D WHP VXDV DSOLFDo}HV TXH YDULDP R QtYHO GH LPHUVmR GH DFRUGR FRP RV SURMHWRV 6HUmR FLWDGRV D VHJXLU DOJXQV H[HPSORV GHOHV 3URMHWR &DSWDLQ (LQVWHLQ D 95 H[SHULHQFH RI UHODWLYLW\ FRQVHJXH H[SOLFDU FRPR IXQFLRQD D WHRULD GD UHODWLYLGDGH HP UHDOLGDGH YLUWXDO UHSUHVHQWDQGR D YHORFLGDGH GD OX] F FRPR VH IRVVH NP K SDUD SRGHU DSUHVHQWDU RV HIHLWRV TXH WHULD QD YLVmR GD OX] VH IRVVH SRVVtYHO FKHJDU QHVVD YHORFLGDGH 6REUHYLQGR QD iUHD GH ItVLFD IRL HQFRQWUDGR RXWUR DUWLJR 9LUWXDO 5HDOLW\ DV D 7HDFKLQJ 7RRO IRU 0RRQ 3KDVHV DQG %H\RQG FRQGX]LGR SRU 0DGGHQ IRL DSOLFDGR WHQGR UHVXOWDGRV SRVLWLYRV VREUH D XWLOL]DomR GR 95 HP XP DPELHQWH HGXFDFLRQDO $R FRQWLQXDU D SHVTXLVD WDPEpP HQFRQWUDPRV H[HPSORV GD iUHD GH ELRORJLD H JHRJUDILD VHQGR HVWHV HVWXGRV FULDGRV SRU 6KDUPD H 6KHOWRQ UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH DPERV WHQGR UHVXOWDGR SRVLWLYRV DR DSOLFDU HP DOXQRV 3UHWHQGH VH UHDOL]DU HP XP WUDEDOKR XOWHULRU XPD SHVTXLVD GH FDPSR SDUD GHWHUPLQDU VH RV UHVXOWDGRV GH WDLV SHVTXLVDV WDPEpP SRGHP VHU DOFDQoDGRV HP XP DPELHQWH XQLYHUVLWiULR EUDVLOHLUR $GHPDLV WHQGR HP YLVWD XPD IXWXUD SDUFHULD HQWUH LQVWLWXLo}HV GH HQVLQR H RX. $QDLV GR ž 6$/-2 ,17(51$&,21$/ '( (16,12 3(648,6$ ( (;7(16-2 6,(3( 8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GR 3DPSD œ 6DQWDQD GR /LYUDPHQWR D GH QRYHPEUR GH.

(5) LQYHVWLPHQWR SDUD TXH VHMDP GHVHQYROYLGDV SHVTXLVDV PDLV SURIXQGDV VREUH UHDOLGDGH YLUWXDO H DXPHQWDGD 5()(5Ç1&,$6 %$778/*$ % HW DO 7KH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI DQ LQWHUDFWLYH GLPHQVLRQDO FRPSXWHU JUDSKLFV PRGHO IRU PHGLFDO HGXFDWLRQ ,QWHUDFWLYH MRXUQDO RI PHGLFDO UHVHDUFK Y Q ! $FHVVR HP 'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWSV ZZZ QFEL QOP QLK JRY SPF DUWLFOHV 30& GH DJR GH %(&(55$ ' $ , HW DO (YDOXDWLRQ RI D *DPLILHG ' 9LUWXDO 5HDOLW\ 6\VWHP WR (QKDQFH WKH 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ RI 0RYHPHQW LQ 3K\VLFV ,Q ,17(51$7,21$/ &21)(5(1&( 21 &20387(5 6833257(' ('8&$7,21 3RUWXJDO $QDLV 3RUWXJDO S 'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWS ZZZ VFLWHSUHVV RUJ 3DSHUV SGI! $FHVVR HP GH DJR &+(1 & + HW DO $ GHVNWRS YLUWXDO UHDOLW\ HDUWK PRWLRQ V\VWHP LQ DVWURQRP\ HGXFDWLRQ -RXUQDO RI (GXFDWLRQDO 7HFKQRORJ\ 6RFLHW\ Y Q 'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWSV SGIV VHPDQWLFVFKRODU RUJ E H EI DH I I G E DH FF SG! $FHVVR HP GH DJR GH &21125 0 2 HW DO 6DPSOLQJ PROHFXODU FRQIRUPDWLRQV DQG G\QDPLFV LQ D PXOWL XVHU 'LVSRQtYHO HP YLUWXDO UHDOLW\ IUDPHZRUN DU;LY SUHSULQW DU;LY KWWSV DU[LY RUJ IWS DU[LY SDSHUV SGI! $FHVVR HP GH DJR GH *$%81,/$6 / 0 HW DO 8WLOL]LQJ SRUWDEOH 9LUWXDO UHDOLW\ LQ WHDFKLQJ FKHPLVWU\ 6FLHQFH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO /DKRUH Y Q S 'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWS ZZZ VFL LQW FRP SGI *DEXQLODV ('8 3+,//3,1( 5()(5((' 2. 3DLG SGI! $FHVVR HP GH DJR GH -2+16721 $ 3 5 HW DO -RXUQH\ WR WKH FHQWUH RI WKH FHOO YLUWXDO UHDOLW\ LPPHUVLRQ LQWR Q S 'LVSRQtYHO HP VFLHQWLILF GDWD 7UDIILF Y KWWSV RQOLQHOLEUDU\ ZLOH\ FRP GRL HSGI WUD ! $FHVVR HP GH DJR GH .$8)0$11 + 6&+0$/67,(* ' :$*1(5 0 &RQVWUXFW ' D YLUWXDO UHDOLW\ DSSOLFDWLRQ IRU PDWKHPDWLFV DQG JHRPHWU\ HGXFDWLRQ (GXFDWLRQ DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ 'LVSRQtYHO HP WHFKQRORJLHV Y Q S KWWSV SXEOLN WXZLHQ DF DW ILOHV 3XE'DWB SGI! $FHVVR HP GH DJR GH 0$''(1 - + HW DO 9LUWXDO 5HDOLW\ DV D 7HDFKLQJ 7RRO IRU 0RRQ 3KDVHV DQG %H\RQG 'LVSRQtYHO HP DU;LY SUHSULQW DU;LY KWWSV DU[LY RUJ SGI SGI! $FHVVR HP GH DJR GH 6$1726 0 $ HW DO 8WLOL]DomR GH 5HDOLGDGH $XPHQWDGD QR 'HVHQYROYLPHQWR GH 6RIWZDUH (GXFDFLRQDO XP H[HPSOR HP DOJXQV FRQFHLWRV QD $VWURQRPLD I 'LVVHUWDomR 0HVWUDGR HP &RPSXWDomR $SOLFDGD 8QLYHUVLGDGH (VWDGXDO GH )HLUD GH 6DQWDQD )HLUD GH 6DQWDQD 'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWS WHGH XHIV EU ELWVWUHDP WHGH 'LVVHUWDFDR $GpOLD &RUULJLGD SGI! $FHVVR HP GH DJR GH 6+$50$ / HW DO /HDUQ '1$ DQ LQWHUDFWLYH 95 DSSOLFDWLRQ IRU OHDUQLQJ '1$ VWUXFWXUH ,Q 352&((',1*6 2) 7+( ,17(51$7,21$/ :25.6+23 21 ,17(5$&7,9( $1' 63$7,$/ &20387,1* 7H[DV $QDLV 7H[DV 87' S 'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWS OLEWUHDVXUHV XWGDOODV HGX MVSXL ELWVWUHDP (7' 6+$50$ GH DJR GH SGI! $FHVVR HP 6+(/721 % ( +('/(< 1 5 8VLQJ DXJPHQWHG UHDOLW\ IRU WHDFKLQJ HDUWK VXQ $QDLV GR ž 6$/-2 ,17(51$&,21$/ '( (16,12 3(648,6$ ( (;7(16-2 6,(3( 8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GR 3DPSD œ 6DQWDQD GR /LYUDPHQWR D GH QRYHPEUR GH.

(6) UHODWLRQVKLSV WR XQGHUJUDGXDWH JHRJUDSK\ VWXGHQWV ,Q ,((( ,17(51$7,21$/ $8*0(17(' 5($/,7< 722/.,7 :25.6+23 'DUPVWDGW $OHPDQKD $QDLV $OHPDQKD 8: 'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWSV ZZZ UHVHDUFKJDWH QHW SURILOH 1LFNB+HGOH\ SXEOLFDWLRQ B8VLQJBDXJPHQWHGBU HDOLW\BIRUBWHDFKLQJB(DUWK 6XQBUHODWLRQVKLSVBWRBXQGHUJUDGXDWHBJHRJUDSK\BVWXGHQWV OLQNV E F D H SGI! $FHVVR HP GH DJR GH 9$1 $&2/(<(1 . 9$1 '22566(/$(5( - &DSWDLQ (LQVWHLQ D 95 H[SHULHQFH RI 'LVSRQtYHO HP UHODWLYLW\ DU;LY SUHSULQW DU;LY KWWSV DU[LY RUJ SGI SGI! $FHVVR HP GH DJR GH :,(0$1 & 3(5.,16 . 7UDQVIRUPLQJ SK\VLFV HGXFDWLRQ 3K\VLFV WRGD\ Y Q S 'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWS FLWHVHHU[ LVW SVX HGX YLHZGRF GRZQORDG"GRL UHS UHS W\SH SGI! $FHVVR HP GH DJR GH =<'$ 0 )URP YLVXDO VLPXODWLRQ WR YLUWXDO UHDOLW\ WR JDPHV &RPSXWHU Y Q S 'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWS ZLNL DUO ZXVWO HGX LPDJHV =\GD FRPSXWHU SGI! $FHVVR HP GH VHW GH. $QDLV GR ž 6$/-2 ,17(51$&,21$/ '( (16,12 3(648,6$ ( (;7(16-2 6,(3( 8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GR 3DPSD œ 6DQWDQD GR /LYUDPHQWR D GH QRYHPEUR GH.

(7)

Referencias

Documento similar

DÀUPDU FRQ SOHQD FRQFLHQFLD GH OR TXH GLJR TXH QLQJXQR GH ORV FRQVLGHUD. 

HQWUH ODV IXQFLRQHV GH ORV SODQLÀFDGRUHV \ ORV FRPSUDGRUHV GHO PHGLR

/R SULPHUR TXH KDFH GHQWUR GHO FRQVWUXFWRU HV DVLJQDU ORV SDUiPHWURV GH  HQWUDGDDYDULDEOHVGHODFODVH. 

[r]

FLRQHV TXH SDUHFHQ EDVDGDV HQ ODV SDODEUDV GH 'RQ 4XLMRWH \ HQ ORV OHPDV

PXHVWUD HO GHVJORVH SURJUHVLYR GH ORV IDFWRUHV R PHGLRV

ODV KRMDV GH LQVWUXFFLyQ TXH IXHURQ HQWUHJDGDV D ORV RILFLDOHV

PHWDOHV FDGD YH] TXH VH LQFUHPHQWD OD VXSHUILFLH GHO HOHFWURGR GH 59&amp;. 7DPELpQVHREVHUYDTXHODHILFLHQFLDGHFRUULHQWHφ