5. Estudio administrativo
5.1 Elementos para la constitución
5.1.1 Cultura empresarial
Although many studies about race are focused on whiteness and/or men, a handful of studies have examined stereotypes of Black women on reality television programs. Shannon Campbell et al (2008) focused on the Jezebel and Sapphire images that Black women played on the VH1 series I Love New York, a dating show with a single Black woman who is looking for love (New York) as the star of the show. According to Campbell et al, New York is portrayed as the stereotypical Jezebel. She is “exotic and hot” (p. 24). New York’s Jezebel characterizations include having a massive sexual appetite and being adept at sex, and she uses her sexuality “in concert with her authority as the show’s star” to emotionally abuse the men who hope to end up being chosen (pp. 22-‐23). She challenges the men’s masculinity and attempts to elicit emotional responses from them (p. 23). New York’s mother, Sister Patterson, is repre-‐ sented via the Sapphire image. Patterson is shown to be confrontational, rude, negative, and sharp-‐ tongued (p. 24). She expresses these qualities via eye rolling, scowling and her use of sarcasm (p. 24).
Rather than looking at a single RTV program, Tia Tyree (2011) studied stereotypical representa-‐ tions of African Americans on a variety of shows and over multiple seasons. Looking for historical and new stereotypes of Blacks, Tyree found that Black women were not represented via the historical imag-‐ es such as the mammy or matriarch. Instead, Black women were portrayed primarily through two rela-‐ tively newer images: the angry Black woman and the hoochie (p. 404). Features of the angry Black wom-‐ an included “shaking her head, folding her arms and using harsh facial expressions” when involved in disagreements, head and neck movements, being bossy, having a bad attitude, being a diva, being ver-‐ bally threatening, and provoking confrontation (p. 405). Features of the hoochie figure included being uneducated, drinking and smoking, wearing tight revealing clothes, being promiscuous and/or being ac-‐ cused of being licentious, and being loud and combative (p. 406).
Other studies focused on the way that race was discursively managed on America’s Next Top Model (UPN/CW), a modeling talent contest featuring a racially diverse cast of models. These studies are important to my dissertation because they situate America’s Next Top Model (ANTM) in terms of neolib-‐ eral racism (post-‐racism). ANTM mimics and reinforces the features of the neoliberal market. The com-‐ petition to become the next top model is presumably fair, and success is won through hard work and personal responsibility (Hasinoff, 2008, p. 331). The model’s enthusiastic participation in the contest signals their faith “in the fairness of the outcome of the competition and the larger economic system it reflects” (Hasinoff, 2008, p. 331). According to Amy Hasinoff (2008), the models are subject to several distinct imperatives that align with the discourse of neoliberal racism: “TM imagines race in a uniquely neoliberal way—it transcends race by denying institutional racism and embraces race by transforming racial difference and through the process of imagining racial difference into lucrative marketable com-‐ modities” (p. 332). Neoliberal racialization of the models is based first and foremost on the normaliza-‐ tion of whiteness where women of color are prompted to emphasize their racial beauty and where the race of white women is not mentioned except to establish whiteness as the standard of beauty (Has-‐ inoff, 2008, p. 333).
Women of color are consistently implored to embrace their racialization thereby making use of the supposed features inherent to their race and/or ethnicity the key to success on ANTM. This impera-‐ tive is communicated by the judges of the show via “familiar stereotypes about women of color and white women” (Hasinoff, 2008, p. 334). Although women of color on the show are pushed to perform stereotypical racializations (Hasinoff, 2008, p. 334), according to Mary Thompson (2010), the push to embrace racial stereotypes is depoliticized, “meant to be a strategic engagement with the fashion indus-‐ try’s fascination with the ‘exotic’” (p. 340). In addition to being constrained to non-‐political racializa-‐ tions, on ANTM choosing to embrace a particular racial image is akin to choosing a bracelet or a neck-‐ lace: a racial image is a style or accessory “that should be turned on and off according to particular de-‐
mands of neoliberal ideology in any given situation as it affords the individual model ‘cultural capital’” (Thompson, 2010, p. 342). Thompson (2010) points out that framing racialization as strategic choice de-‐ politicizes race by disconnecting race from structural history and conditions (p. 342). Thompson also notes that while models on ANTM are encouraged to embrace their ethnicity, being “too” ethnic or ra-‐ cialized allows the judges to characterize the models’ look as not being flexible enough to flourish, and this is often the reason why the models are voted out of the competition (p. 343). Finally, neoliberal rac-‐ ism is upheld on ANTM: since racializations on the show are the model’s personal choice, being elimi-‐ nated from the competition is represented as a result of individual failure and not the result of racism on the part of the judges, the fashion industry, or the society (Thompson, 2010, p. 347).
Also, it is imperative that the racial stereotypes that the models embrace are marketable, salea-‐ ble, and profitable on ANTM (Hasinoff, 2008, p. 335). The show constructs a “neoliberal rhetoric of ra-‐ cialization” that demands that “women of color represent their racial identities exclusively as specific marketable aspects of personal pride and beauty, obscuring all other issues” (Hasinoff, 2008, p. 335). On the show, women of color who have light skin are positioned as uniquely valuable commodities because “of their ability to adapt to the market’s demands and leverage their ambiguity to appeal to a wide au-‐ dience” (p. 335). This creates an untenable situations for women of color where it is imperative, profes-‐ sionally and financially, that they embrace their racial qualities (real or imagined) but where making a false step (being “too ethnic”) is a sign of failure in the neoliberal logic of the program (Thompson, 2010, p. 344). Hasinoff (2008) and Thompson (2010) claim that ANTM depoliticizes the individual and com-‐ modifies racialization while it simultaneously assumes “that institutional and structural change is unnec-‐ essary and celebrates rather than laments the fact that the only way to succeed is to work hard to con-‐ form to existing norms” of both racial stereotypes and whiteness (Hasinoff, 2008, p. 340).
Siobhan Smith (2013) published the results of a quantitative content analysis of representations of African American women and men as they occurred on the 2006 and 2007 seasons of College Hill
(BET), a RTV program that features mostly college-‐aged African American cast members (p. 40). The study looked at how cast members were portrayed in terms of their personality traits, such as displaying a negative or positive attitude, humility, kindness, niceness and emotional strength, and their physical appearance, such as being sexy, well groomed, and whether their skin was relatively light or dark (pp. 44-‐46). The author concluded that African American women were represented in a negative light and that African American men were positively depicted. The author initially discusses a wide range of ste-‐ reotypes of African American women, including the Mammy, the Matriarch, and the Jezebel (p. 41)— and men—such as the Brute, the Criminal, and the Buck (p. 42) and situates the women within this con-‐ text. Stephen Giannino and Campbell (2012) published an analysis of the first two seasons (2005 and 2006) of Flavor of Love (VH1), a dating show starring a former rapper (Flavor Flav) searching for love. They argue that the show depicts women of color in ways that reinforce racial stereotypes (p. 64). My dissertation advances the literature about Black women on reality television programs by adding new knowledge through exploring stereotypes in the context of the aftermath of the Great Re-‐ cession so as to understand how this important change in U.S. society might have been worked out on reality television shows. Even relatively recent studies included here are about pre-‐recessionary RTV programs (e.g. Smith, 2013 and Giannino and Campbell, 2012) do not take the recession into account as an important contextual factor. Also, I broaden the current literature by studying several programs with-‐ in each major genre of reality television. In terms of the literature placing RTV in the context of neolib-‐ eral racism, my project adds new knowledge in two important ways. Since my study looks at several re-‐ ality television programs in every major genre of RTV, I am able to make more expansive theoretical claims than currently available in the literature. Second, my study is distinguished by the context I focus on. By looking at the representations of Black women on post-‐Great Recession reality television pro-‐ grams, my dissertation will contribute new knowledge about how, if at all, reality television might have
interpreted and made use of the challenges created by the economic downturn and the material im-‐ pacts the Great Recession had on Black women.