5. Estudio administrativo
5.1 Elementos para la constitución
5.1.2 estructura organizacional
In this section I focus only on literature that attempts to understand issues of race, gender, and/or class on reality television after the Great Recession. Each of the studies in this section marginal-‐ izes or ignores Black women, does not conceptualize the Great Recession adequately, or falls into both categories.
In 2013, Television & New Media published a special issue on gender and reality television, fo-‐ cusing on how issues of gender and national identity intersect on reality TV programs in Canada, Ireland, the U.K., and the U.S (Negra, Pike, & Radley, 2013, p. 187). The issue includes one essay studying the gendered notions of national identity in each country. Tiara Sukhan’s (2013) contribution examined how weight loss RTV programs in Canada play off of and reinforce hegemonic ideas about femininity. Anne Sexton (2013) wrote about postfeminism in the neoliberal context in Ireland, focusing on model and RTV star Katy French. And Paula Gilligan (2013) argues that RTV in the U.K. highlighted and supported the shift from a left-‐wing concern for the poor to a right-‐wing view that blames the poor for their status in society. All three essays address the gender axis, but none speak to issues of race in general or of Black women’s issues in particular.
Mimi White’s (2013) contribution to the special issue of Television & New Media focuses on the U.S. version of House Hunters (HGTV), a RTV program that features people searching for a home to buy. The key finding of her study is that the narrative structure of House Hunters represents certain central issues buyers desire in a home as particularly gendered, and these gendered notions are repeated in every episode of the program (p. 235). Men’s top priorities are a “man cave,” an outdoor grill, a work-‐ shop, and a shower (pp. 236-‐7). Women’s top priorities are a hobby space (usually not an entire room dedicated to the hobby), laundry area, a tub (not a shower), and double sinks in the bathroom (p. 237).
Men and women both covet good storage and closest space (p. 238). White concludes that the way that the preferences for certain home features are gendered on the show confirms traditional gender roles (p. 238). She notes that the shoppers are diverse in terms of identity categories—gender, race, class, sexuality, nationality, age, occupation, and family status—and in terms of the constraints of their house hunt—budget, city, and neighborhood—but her focus is on who is included and not how Black women are represented on House Hunters. Also, White does mention the 2008 financial collapse but does not attempt to explain how that significant societal change might have affected the features desired or the way the various shoppers might have been represented in terms of their identities.
Michael Lee and Leigh Moscowitz (2013) focus on the intersections of gender and class in the first two seasons of The Real Housewives of New York City (Encore). They argue that the show repre-‐ sents the housewives, all of whom are white, as “rich bitches”—“rich women too crass to be classy, too superficial to be nurturing, and too self-‐obsessed to be caring. These self-‐professed ‘working mothers’ who work little and mother even less” (p. 65) were juxtaposed against the context of a recession that is taking its toll on average Americans (p. 64). The show, they argue, blames the rich women for violating traditional gender roles, but it never blames rich men (p. 65). According to Lee and Moscowitz, the rich bitch “pursues selfish material gains single-‐mindedly” and is “ always gendered (female), always classed (leisure), and almost always racialized (white)” (p. 65). Since the entire cast of the NYC show is white, Lee and Moscowitz do not explore the black rich bitch representation. Also, although they gesture to-‐ wards the importance of the economic collapse that occurred in 2008-‐2009 (p. 64) and the “growing economic recession” (p. 65), Lee and Moscowitz do not take into account or explain that contextual fac-‐ tor in any meaningful way. More and deeper work is needed to understand representations of Black women after the Great Recession.
One study starts with the Great Recession as the key contextual and justificatory argument. Sean Brayton (2012) argued that a certain type of reality television programming—paid labor reality
shows focusing on white, male lumberjacks and gold and coal miners—“can be read as an implicit re-‐ sponse to the current crisis in the American manhood” that was thought to be the result of the Great Recession (pp. 236-‐237). The RTV programs Brayton studied represent the value placed on laboring white masculine bodies: as he writes, labor is “re-‐embodied on reality television after the economic cri-‐ sis” (pp. 237-‐238). Brayton’s study did not examine how race is represented in terms of stereotypes about African Americans. And since they do not appear on these programs, his study doesn’t contribute to an understanding of how Black women are represented on RTV. Brayton’s findings are limited to how white men are framed on the shows he studies, but there is much more to learn in terms of racism, sex-‐ ism, and class on reality television.
3 Theory and Context
This chapter outlines the hegemonic ideas that have shaped U.S. society and its dominant per-‐ spectives on discrimination in the last 30 years. Section 3.1 traces the shift to the neoliberal version of capitalism in the 1980s and how neoliberalism became hegemonic in the U.S. in the beginning of the twenty-‐first century. In section 3.2, I discuss how neoliberalism has factored into changes in anti-‐ discrimination discourses in the post-‐civil rights era that aided and abetted post-‐feminism and post-‐ racism in the present. I conclude this section by arguing that the recent political climate in the U.S. might be characterized as post-‐intersectional, or post-‐everything. These two sections establish an outline of the political intersectionality of the current context in the United States. I end this chapter in section 3.3, by documenting the worsening of structural intersectionality during the Great Recession. These are the main contextual discourses that define the place of African American women in the U.S. The purpose of my study is to discover how Black women are represented on reality television after the Great Reces-‐ sion. A lesser concern is developing a deeper understanding of neoliberalism.