CAPÍTULO V COMUNICACIÓN E INTELIGENCIA EMOCIONAL
5.6 ASERTIVIDAD VS. PASIVIDAD Y AGRESIVIDAD
The Commonwealth Foundation (1995), using results from their consultative meeting with NGOs in Africa, have established that NGO’s have long been involved in the spearheading of new approaches to meeting the needs and solving the
challenges of societies. The Foundation further states that NGOs have been central to the efforts to search for sustainable processes of social, environmental and economic development and canvassing action on a variety of issues such as peace, human rights, democracy, gender equality and poverty reduction. In 1995, the UNDP estimated that over 250 million people in developing across the world
representing 20 per cent of the 1.3 billion people living in absolute poverty15 in developing countries were assisted in various ways by NGOs (The Commonwealth Foundation 1995). In discussing the strengths of NGOs, I will explore the following arguments that NGOs are: a) cost effective and efficient; b) promote greater equity;
c) are innovative and flexible; d) NGOs as experts and specialists, and e) NGOs have grassroots experience.
a) NGOs are cost effective and efficient.
In his analysis of NGOs, Fugere (2001) found that from 1985 to 1995, NGOs were the most favoured development actors by international donors simply because NGOs held the promise of offering the much needed social services more cheaply and efficiently than government bureaucracies, and had the potential of assisting the poor people to meet their basic needs. An example of Fugere (2001)’s argument is exemplified by Lewis (2001, citing Carroll 1992). Lewis writes that, in her survey of forty NGOs engaged in rural development interventions in Latin America, Carroll (1992) established that NGOs that had effective internal management systems16 showed an outstanding capacity to implement projects when compared to other types of agencies. That was in terms of completing planned activities on time, credit applications processed on time, effectively organised farmer demonstrations and timely distribution of farm inputs (Lewis 2001, citing Carroll 1992). In addition, Mercer et al (2004:196) provides empirical data from twenty‐seven partner NGOs delivering services on primary healthcare programmes in rural Bangladesh gathered from 1996 to 2002, and indicate a relatively higher coverage of reproductive and
15 Gordon (2005:3) using the definition derived from the World Summit on Social Development (WSSD) held in 1995, has defined absolute poverty as ‘a condition that is characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but access to services.
16 Lewis (2001:112) lists effective internal management systems as comprising: a flat organizational structure with i.e. shorter distances between the headquarters and field offices, decisions made through participatory mechanisms to integrate ideas of both manager and field officers, and a strategy of organizational learning that incorporated feedback among others.
child health services at lower costs comparatively, as well as a significant decline of infant and maternal mortality. In addition, the programmes were poverty focused in NGO areas.
Two factors were responsible for success: firstly, it was the presence of
community health workers and family health volunteers who conducted household level visits to encourage attendance at health education sessions and pregnancy delivery by qualified community midwives; and secondly, the effective health education programmes carried out by NGOs on topics such as vaccinations against tetanus, hygiene and aseptic deliveries to reduce the risk to neonates, that reached the poorest in remote areas. A study conducted in 40 countries throughout the world established that NGOs are cost‐effective because of their access to volunteers who help them offer services at less cost than other service providers (Salamon et al 2000:5).
b) NGOs promote greater equity.
Salamon et al (2000:5) identify NGOs as vehicles of greater equity because their characteristics of voluntary support, benevolence motives and charitable goals, mission focus and their non profit purpose, persuade them to serve those in greatest need. It is these characteristics identified by Salamon et al (2000) that underpin Sarah Michael (2004)’s findings that NGOs have comparative advantages over the government, that were seen to include (a) their ability to better reach the poor at grassroots level cost effectively and efficiently; and (b) their ability to form close and lasting relationships with the beneficiaries to ensure meaningful participation and empowerment. Fugere (2001) finds that it is from within the framework of
voluntarism and philanthropy, that NGOs are able to get closer to the rural poor and engage them in ways that bureaucratic and inefficient southern governments are not.
c) NGOs are innovative and flexible.
Fugere (2001), writes that NGOs are more innovative and flexible especially with regards to decision‐making, than other types of organizations. This is because
according to Dollery and Wallis (2001) and Marschall (2002), NGOs are not beholden to rules, traditions, regulations and procedures that government or business officials are bound to; and therefore are more able to undertake projects involving
considerable risks. Salamon et al (2000) says that it is the generally flexible,
participatory and adaptable configuration of NGOs that allows them to be available to everyone with innovative concepts, hence, they can easily be incubators of new ideas or approaches for diagnosing and addressing society problems. In this sense NGOs can be “pioneers in particular fields, identifying unaddressed issues and
focusing attention on them, formulating new approaches to problems; and generally serving as a source of innovation in the solution of societal problems” (Salamon et al 2000:6; ). IFAD (2002) exemplifies Salamon et al (2000)’s argument by stating that it was NGOs that have over the years developed and popularised the highly effective Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approaches and methods to increase the participation of the rural poor in their own development processes. Through PRA techniques the rural poor are enabled to diagnose and act upon their situations through their own analysis and not as defined by external development agencies.
Robert Chambers has described PRA as:
‘A growing family of approaches and methods to enable local people to share, enhance and analyse their knowledge of life and conditions to plan and act’
(Chambers 1994:953).
d) NGOs as experts and specialists.
Marschall (2002) suggests that many NGOs are naturally single‐issue organizations, such as the Transparency Institution that focuses on issues of accountability, transparency; and government oversight responsibilities; Amnesty Institution that focuses on human rights, or Green Peace that focuses on the
environment. By focusing on a single issue, such NGOs are able to concentrate their resources on that single issue, without bargain or substitution. In that way, NGOs are able to gain expertise in those respective areas of operations. In the same vein, Salamon et al (2000:5) say that NGOs’ value‐based mission objectives, (rather than the profit motives) and embeddedness in communities of place and need, mean that
the non‐profit agencies can specialise on a problem, a group of people, a service delivery system or method of intervention.
e.) NGOs have grassroots experience.
NGOs’ possess the unique ability to reach categories of the rural poor who are normally excluded from mainstream development processes because of isolation, lack of assets and other vulnerabilities (IFAD 2002). In fact, strong grassroots bonds and closer relationships between NGOs and the beneficiaries is what has distinguished NGOs from other organizations in as far as providing targeted aid and programmes that reflect the interest and needs of local contexts (Banks et al 2015:710). For example, the findings of a survey conducted in Tangting, a poor ethnic community in Nepal, by Gurung et al (2011:6) revealed that before, the people’s involvement with the NGOs/INGOs, social services such as education, health, sanitation as well as economic and political opportunities were absent.
Following involvement with NGOs/INGOs, living standards significantly improved due to diversified livelihoods opportunities and substantial increases in income; and access to electricity and digital communication systems increased.