CAPÍTULO IV: CAPACIDADES DE LA INTELIGENCIA EMOCIONAL
B. Aptitudes Sociales o interpersonales. Son las que determinan el manejo de las relaciones
4.2 CONTROLAR LAS PROPIAS EMOCIONES
Downing and Garcia‐Downing 2009).
To better understand and explain the negative outcomes caused by DIDR on affected populations and to improve ways of preventing the majority from slipping into impoverishment, several theoretical models for guiding resettlement
programmes and management of dams have emerged over time. Two dominant resettlement theoretical frameworks for improving our understanding and
explaining negative outcomes caused by DIDR have significantly influenced research and resettlement planning and policies in recent years (Asthana 1996; Bilharz 1998;
Koenig 2002; Perera 2014). Firstly, there is Scudder’s Four Stage Framework(FSF), formerly called the Scudder and Colson Model (Scudder and Colson 1982); and secondly, there is Cernea’s Impoverishment and Reconstruction (IRR) framework (Cernea, 1990). These are discussed in detail in the following sections.
2.3. SCUDDER’S FOUR STAGE (PROCESSUAL) FRAMEWORK
The path‐breaking empirical and theoretical research work, with regard to our processual understanding of resettlement, was done in the context of Kariba Dam. This model has provided the basis for thinking about resettlement in processual terms. Originally adapted from lessons from voluntary resettlement, Scudder has over time revised this framework so that it can be applied to research on involuntary resettlement elsewhere. The earlier conceptual frameworks by scholars such as Chambers (1970), and Nelson (1973) provided a useful foundation for Scudder’s processual framework. Scudder (2005a: 33) summarizes Robert Chamber’s three stages that arose out of his experiences in Kenya and Ghana as: (i) pre‐settlement situation; (ii) the project organization and the early years of
resettlement; and (iii) transfer of powers by project authorities. Michael Nelson’s experiences that he gained from evaluating spontaneous and government sponsored settlements in Latin America. Using those lessons, Nelson developed his three stage framework that has the following stages: (i) pioneer stages,(ii) succession and (iii) growth stages ( Nelson 1973). These two frameworks are what Scudder claims were
very useful in analysing complex and dynamic development projects (Scudder 2005a:
33).
Scudder and Colson (1982) initially proposed a four ‐stage framework to explain how the majority of resettlers can be expected to behave. In 1993, Scudder revised the initial framework to include a fifth stage (see Scudder 1993). Over the years, Scudder has reduced the stages to four (see Table 1). These four stages must be completed by the second generation, if the resettlement outcomes are to be considered successful (Scudder 2009). Two important but interrelated factors addressed by this framework are stress and process. Scudder and Colson (1982) argue that in all situations whether voluntary8 or involuntary9, resettlement is a very stressful experience, especially during the first two stages to be explained below.
Through their experience with the Gwembe Tonga, Scudder and Colson (1982) identify physiological, psychological and social‐cultural stress as three types of stresses that are triggered by relocation that resettlers experience as they pass through various stages of the resettlement process. Scudder argues that the resettled people pass through various stages.
These three stresses i.e. physiological, psychological, and social‐cultural stress collectively involve what Scudder has labelled as multidimensional stress (Scudder 2005a). Physiological stress refers to the different health related impacts as reflected by increased morbidity and mortality experienced by resettlers
immediately after relocation. Colson (1971:33) exemplifies physiological stress by reporting that following the removal of the Gwembe Tonga, food and water supplies shortages contributed to increased incidences of malnutrition and disease, including outbreaks of dysentery leading to deaths of especially children and the elderly.
Psychological stress refers to traumas associated with grieving for the lost homes
8 “Voluntary resettlement occurs when communities accept resettlement of their own free choice. This implies there is an option not to be resettled. There is also an implication that the communities concerned have a comprehensive understanding of the possible
consequences of resettlement”. ( Rio Tinto 2011).
9 “Involuntary resettlement: Resettlement is involuntary when people are not given a choice in the matter and/or if they are compelled to agree to resettlement under governmental compulsory acquisition and the doctrine of ‘eminent domain” (Ibid).
and communities, which are often exacerbated by increased uncertainties about the future in their new locations. Women, being custodians of homes, are particularly affected. Losing jobs causes, men to lose their status of being providers, thereby causing them to undergo considerable psychological stress. Psychological stress has been blamed for causing a rise in domestic violence in a number of resettlement situations.
Socio‐cultural stress refers to losses of political, economic and cultural
identities experienced by resettlers after removal. For example, as in the case of the Gwembe Tonga, Colson (1971) writes that traditional leaders faced rejection for failing to halt removal, whereas ritual leaders lost their efficacy in new relocation sites. Similarly, my research in 2015, has shown that the traditional leaders in Simamba have lost powers because the majority of the second‐generation resettlers have become christians and are rejecting the traditional practices such as turning to the traditional leaders known as basikatongos for answers to their problems.
Respondents in Simamba said that seeking solutions to their problems i.e. sicknesses or deaths from the basikatongos is in direct conflict with christian values and
teachings. This change is causing stress amongst the first generation resettlers because their desires to see some of their cultural practices continue is being
challenges. For instance, a very elderly basikatongo in Nabutezi told this me that he was hurting because his son has not agreed to take over his role as basikatongo. His main worry is that he is about to die and needed to ensure that the traditional role that had defined his family for generations does not end after his death.
Scudder (2009) asserts that the magnitude and the nature of these
multidimensional stresses causes a reduction in cultural inventory that may have an impact on the subsequent coping strategies adopted by resettlers as they pass through the various stages of the resettlement process. The four stages in their latest revised version are: i) Recruitment and settler selection; ii) Adjusting and coping; iii) Community formation and economic development; and iv). Handing over and incorporation (Table 1).