Capítulo 3 Métodos de Optimización de Aparamenta de Alta Tensión
3.3 Métodos de optimización de electrodos con simetría rotacional basados en la selección de cargas equivalentes
3.3.4 Método de Kato
3.3.4.2 Principio de optimización
Anderson, Janna, and Lee Rainie. 2010. “The Fate of the Semantic Web.” Pew Internet & American Life Project, May 4. http://pewinternet.org/ Reports/2010/Semantic-Web/Overview.aspx.
Arnold, Stephen E. 2009. “Real-Time Search: Where Retrieval and Discovery Collide.” Online 33, no. 6: 40–41. Academic Search Complete.
———. 2011. “RockMelt: Research Degrading to ‘Desearch.’” Information Today 28, no. 2: 26. Education Research Complete.
Badke, William. 2010. “Content, Content Everywhere.” Online 34, no. 2: 52–53. Academic Search Complete.
Barile, Lori. 2011. “Mobile Technologies for Libraries: A List of Mobile Applica- tions and Resources for Development.” College & Research Libraries News 72, no. 4: 222–225. Education Full Text.
Bittner, Sven, and Andre Müller. 2011. “Social Networking Tools and Research Information Systems: Do they Compete?” Webology 8, no. 1: 1–8. Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts with Full Text.
Bradley, Fiona. 2009. “Discovering Linked Data.” Library Journal 134, no. 7: 48–50. Academic Search Complete.
Choy, Fatt Cheong. 2011. “From Library Stacks to Library-in-a-Pocket: Will Users Be Around?” Library Management 32, no. 1/2: 62–72. http://dx.doi .org/10.1108/01435121111102584.
Cleland, Scott, and Ira Brodsky. 2011. Search & Destroy: Why You Can’t Trust Goo-
Coyle, Karen. 2009. “Making Connections.” Library Journal 134, no. 7: 44–47. Academic Search Complete.
“The Deep Web Today: Web Government Databases.” 2010. Information Advisor 22, no. 11: 1–4.
Drake, Miriam A. 2008. “Federated Search—One Simple Query or Simply Wishful Thinking?” Searcher 16, no. 7: 22–62. Academic Search Complete.
Feldman, Susan. 2011. “The Answer Machine: Are We There Yet?” Searcher 19, no. 1: 18–27. Academic Search Complete.
“Google vs the Invisible Web.” 2009. University of Florida Smathers Education Library. www.uflib.ufl.edu/educ/videos/GOOGLEtable.pdf.
“Infographic: Exploring the Deep Web with Semantic Search.” 2012. Invention- Machine (blog), September 18. http://inventionmachine.com/the-Invention -Machine-Blog/bid/90626/INFOGRAPHIC-Exploring-the-Deep-Web-with -Semantic-Search.
Klais, Brian. 2011. “Why Mobile Is Spinning Our New Invisible Web.” Search
Engine Land (blog), October 24. http://searchengineland.com/why-mobile -is-spinning-our-new-invisible-web-98109.
Mattison, David. 2010. “The Twittering of the Search World.” Searcher 18, no. 7: 24–35. Academic Search Complete.
McClure, Randall. 2011. “WritingResearchWriting: The Semantic Web and the Future of the Research Project.” Computers and Composition 28, no. 4: 315–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2011.09.003.
Pederson, Steve. 2013. “Understanding the Deep Web in 10 Minutes.” BrightPlanet white paper, March 12. www.brightplanet.com/2013/03/whitepaper-under standing-the-deep-web-in-10-minutes.
Purcell, Kristen, Joanna Brenner, and Lee Rainie. 2012. “Search Engine Use 2012.” Pew Internet & American Life Project. March 9. www.pewinternet.org/~/ media//Files/Reports/2012/PIP_Search_Engine_Use_2012.pdf.
Rausing, Lisbet. 2010. “Toward a New Alexandria: Imagining the Future of Libraries.” New Republic, March 12. www.tnr.com/article/books-and-arts/ toward-new-alexandria.
Scheeren, William O. 2012. The Hidden Web: A Sourcebook. Santa Barbara: Librar- ies Unlimited.
Su, Mila C. 2008. “Inside the Web: A Look at Digital Libraries and the Invisible/ Deep Web.” Journal of Educational Technology Systems 37, no. 1: 71–82. http:// dx.doi.org/10.2190/ET.37.1.f.
Sullivan, Danny. 2009. “How Search-Like Are Social Media Sites?” Search Engine
Land (blog), January 27. http://searchengineland.com/how-search-like-social
-media-16325.
“23 Types of Social Media Sites.” 2010. On Blogging Well (blog), February 17. http://onbloggingwell.com/23-types-of-social-media-sites.
Wright, Alex. 2008. “Searching the Deep Web.” Communications of the ACM 51, no. 10: 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1400181.1400187.
———. 2009. “Exploring a ‘Deep Web’ that Google Can’t Grasp.” New York Times, February 23. www.nytimes.com/2009/02/23/technology/internet/23search .html.
- 173 -
a
The About.com Guide to Online Research (Boswell), 65, 100
Academic Index, 158
“Accessing the Deep Web” (He et al.), 16
AccessMyLibrary, 51
accuracy of information, determining, 101
advanced research (3rd layer of Invisible Web) resources, 137, 147–150
advisory reference, 93 Aguillo, Isidro, 6, 12 Aldrich, Alan, 49, 51
American Library Association’s Presidential Committee on Information Literacy, 159 Anderson, Chris, 163 apps (mobile) AccessMyLibrary, 51 educational, 49–50
as future of the Invisible Web, 163 library, 51 Medline, 51 overview, 49 on smartphones, 50–51 WorldCat, 51 Arnold, Stephen, 47, 52, 160 ask-a-question sites, 158 b Badke, William, 11, 42 Barker, Joe, 129
BASE (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine), 144–145
basic research tools (1st layer of Invisible Web)
for everyday life, 140–142 overview, 137, 138
proprietary databases as, 138 for student research, 138–140 basics of web searching, teaching,
108–109 Battelle, John, 159 behaviors
with invisible web searching, 41 with visible web searching, 39 Bergman, Michael, 15, 112, 122 Berners-Lee, Tim, 130, 162 “Beyond Googling” (diagram), 124
Bing, 160 BizNar, 139 Blackstone, Pam, 98 Blekko, 157 Boswell, Wendy, 14, 65, 100, 101 Bright Planet, 21
business world’s interest in Invisible Web, 20, 21–22
c
CARS (credibility, accuracy,
reasonableness, and support) Checklist for Information Quality, 98, 100–102
Centre for Information Behaviour and the Evaluation of Research (CIBER) report, 30 Chang, Kevin Chen-Chuan, 15 Chen, Xiaotian, 38
Choe, Jaywon, 159
CIBER Google Generation Research Programme, 34
CiteSeerX, 145–146 CiteULike, 146–147 Cleland, Scott, 74
cognitive Invisible Web, 12–14 Cohen, Laura, 10, 66, 128
compare-and-contrast activities used to introduce the Invisible Web, 127–128
comparison of Google search and full- text library database search, 94–102
Competitive Intelligence, 22 computer scientists’ and engineers’
interest in Invisible Web, 19–21
Computers in Human Behavior, 112
Connaway, Lynn Silipigni, 29 content farms, 102–103
context, searches pulling up items out of, 105–106
crawlers, 5
credibility of authors, verifying, 98 CUNY Technical Services wiki, 161 curriculum for teaching the Invisible
Web, 108–111
d
dark web (darknet), 15 databases
evaluation of articles in, 103 introducing students to, 94–98 overview, 7
proprietary, 8, 138
searching with keyword terms and adding “databases,” 122 subscription, 8, 143
Data.gov, 140
Deep Search (Becker), 43
Deep Web. See Invisible Web “Deep Web” (video), 125–126 “Deep Web Research and Discovery
Resources 2013” (Zillman), 16 Deep Web Technologies, 17, 21, 139, 140 DeepDyve, 144
“The Deep Web” (tutorial), 128 “The Deep Web” (Bergman), 122 Delicious, 48–49
diagrams to introduce the Invisible Web, 123–124
Dialog, 156 Diaz, Karen R., 66 Dickey, Timothy J., 29 difficulties with research
accuracy of information, determining, 101
credibility of authors, verifying, 98 ease of use, importance of, 103–
107
evaluation of web sources, 102– 103
filtering irrelevant results, 90 Kuhlthau’s stages of the research
process, 90–93
model of information search process, 91 overabundance of material, 94–102 overview, 88–93 reasonableness of information, verifying, 101
support for information, verifying, 102
time constraints, 107 digital natives, 28
The Digital Information Seeker, 29 Discoverability (study), 34–35
DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), 144
Dogpile, 126 Downs, Dan, 127 Du, Jia Tina, 34 DuckDuckGo, 162 Duckett, Kim, 125
e
E-Print Network, 147
ease of use, importance of, 103–107 EBSCOhost, 21, 51, 96
ECAR [EDUCAUSE Center for Applied Research] Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology,
30–31, 112 educational apps, 49–50
Eisenberg, Michael B., 32, 37, 89, 90, 93, 114
elementary school level, teaching Invisible Web at, 108 embedded librarian, 93
engineers’ and computer scientists’ interest in Invisible Web, 19–21
ERIAL (Ethnographic Research in Illinois Academic Libraries),
34
Etzioni, Oren, 154, 155 evaluation
of articles in databases, 103 of information, importance of, 164 of web sources, 102–103
Evans, Nina, 34
everyday life, basic research tools for, 140–142
“Explore Sources” (tutorial), 119, 120 “Exploring the Deep Web” (video), 126
F
Facebook, 112–113, 159–160 faculty use of Twitter, 47
federated searching, 104–105, 125–126
filter bubbles, 43–45 filtering
irrelevant results, 90 overview, 9
The Filter Bubble (Pariser), 43, 52,
161
“The Filter Bubble” (video), 130 FindSounds, 148
FindThatFile, 149
first layer of the Invisible Web. See basic research tools Flynn-Burhoe, Maureen, 130 Fold 3, 148
Ford, Nigel, 12
“The Four Content Layers of the World Wide Web” (diagram), 123–124
future of the Invisible Web apps as, 163
human-powered search, return to, 156–161 overview, 153–156 personalization of searches, 161–162 Semantic Web, 162–163 g
Gale (AccessMyLibrary app), 51 Gartner, 18
Generation Y, 28 Gil, Paul, 16, 123
Going Beyond Google (Devine and
Egger-Sider), 27, 28, 138 Google+, 159–160 Google Books, 42–43 Google Generation, 28, 33–34 Google Instant, 162 Google Scholar, 8, 38, 42, 105–106 Google’s interest in capturing Invisible
Web materials, 21
The Googlization of Everything
(Vaidhyanathan), 44 Graph Search, 159
graphics, introducing the Invisible Web with, 111–112, 120–125 “The Great Research Disaster”
h
Hakia, 19 Halevy, Alon, 130
Hampton-Reeves, Stuart, 33, 48 “Harnessing the Deep Web” (Spencer),
10 Harris, Robert, 98
HathiTrust Digital Library, 149–150 He, Bin, 16
Head, Alison J., 32, 37, 89, 90, 93, 114 HealthMash, 162
Hearst, Marti A., 154 Henninger, Maureen, 66 Hidden Wiki, 15
The Hidden Web (Henninger), 66
high school level, teaching Invisible Web at, 108
Horowitz, Ellis, 67
“How Academic Libraries Reach Users on Facebook,” 113
“How College Students Use the Web to Conduct Everyday Life Research” (Head and Eisenberg), 32–33
“How Databases and Search Engines Differ” (table), 127
“How Much Information?” (Lyman and Varian), 16
human-powered search overview, 156–157 research coaches, 158–159 returning to, 156–161 social media as search tool,
159–161 tools for, 157–158
i
iceberg image for introducing the Invisible Web, 120–121 “Indexing the Invisible Web”
(Horowitz), 67
Information Behaviour of the Researcher of the Future
(report), 33
information context, 118–120
information overload, 90, 94, 157 information-seeking behavior, studies
of. See studies of information- seeking behavior
information silos, 125, 162 “The Information Cycle” (video),
118–119
Institute of Museum and Library Services, 29
Internet Archive, 139
Internet Tutorials (Cohen), 66
Intute, 157
“Invisible or Deep Web” (guide), 129 Invisible Web
cognitive Invisible Web, 12–14 new influences on, 17–19
resources: advanced research (3rd layer of Invisible Web), 137, 147–150; basic research tools, 138–142; overview, 135–136; specialized research (2nd layer of Invisible Web), 137, 142–147; subject breakdown for, 151; tags applicable to, 137 size of, 15–16
survey on, 167–168
traditional technology-based definition of, 4–12 who is interested in, 19–22 “Invisible Web” (diagram), 124 “The Invisible Web” (Ford and
Mansourian), 12 “The Invisible Web” (Diaz), 66
The Invisible Web (Sherman and
Price), 98, 106 irrelevant results, filtering, 90 “Is a Search Revolution Brewing?”
(Arnold), 47 Ixquick, 162
J
Jacobs, Michelle Leigh, 51 Jacsó, Péter, 38
Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), 29, 30
k
Keller, Michael A., 163
keyword searches and pulling up items out of context, 105–106 Kim, Kyung-Sun, 48
Kingsley, Karl, 37 Krause, Chris, 127 Kuhlthau, Carol, 90
Kuhlthau’s stages of the research process, 90–93
l
The Labyrinth, 148 Lackie, Robert J., 101
LaGuardia Community College/ CUNY, 104–105 Lewandowski, Dirk, 11, 42, 106 LibGuides, 78
librarians’ and educators’ interest in Invisible Web, 19–20, 21 The Librarian’s Index to the Internet,
157 library apps, 51
“Library Databases vs. Search Engines” (table), 127 Library Literature & Information
Science Full Text (LLIS), 96 Liu, Alan, 138 Lovink, Geert, 14 Lyman, Peter, 16 M Making of America, 150 Mansourian, Yazdan, 12, 14, 64 Mattos, Nelson, 155 Mayer, Christine, 43 Mayr, Philipp, 106 McCracken, Harry, 49 Medline, 51 MedNar, 17, 140–141 Millennials, 28
mobile devices and apps, studies on impact of, 49–53
mobile web access, 18
model of information search process, 91
Murphy, Joe, 50, 51, 52
n
national studies of information- seeking behavior, 30–34, 35 Net Generation, 28
new influences on Invisible Web, 17–19 New York Public Library Digital
Gallery, 143
“The New Invisible Web” (Valenza), 18 niche search tools, 17
Niu, Xi, 33
Nutefall, Jennifer E., 107
o
ocean and fishing vessel image for introducing the Invisible Web, 122–123
O’Connor, Dennis, 129 Ogg, Erica, 141 O’Leary, Mick, 19
Online Education Database (OEDb), 98 ontologies, 18 overabundance of material, 94–102 P Pariser, Eli, 43, 52, 130, 161 Patel, Mitesh, 16
Perceptions of Libraries, 2010 (study),
31–32, 112, 158 personal librarians, 159 personalization of searches, 9, 43–45, 161–162 Pipl, 140 Plants Database, 147 Popurls, 142 positioning, 9 Price, Gary, 88, 98, 106 primary school level, teaching
privacy, online, 47, 52, 161–162 private web, 8
Project Information Literacy (PIL), 32 Project Information Literacy Progress
Report, 89 proprietary databases
as basic research tools, 138 overview, 8 PubMed, 51 Pull (Siegel), 19 r Radford, Marie L., 29 real-time searching, 128 reasonableness of information, verifying, 101 Reddy, Colin, 6, 12 Reference Extract, 157
relevancy feature of search engines, 13 reliability of Wikipedia, 92
research, difficulties with. See difficulties with research research coaches, 158–159
Research Strategies (Badke), 11
results, filtering irrelevant, 90 robots, 5
Ryder, Phyllis Mentzell, 107
S
Sansom, Gemma, 98, 104
Scholarly Digital Use and Information- Seeking Behaviour in Business and Economics (report), 30
ScienceDirect, 19–20, 21 Scitation, 146
Scout.me, 17, 141
Search Engine Land, 103
search engine optimization (SEO), 9–10, 22
“Search Engine vs. Research Database for College Research” (video), 128
Search Engine Watch, 100, 103
search engines overview, 5–7
personalization of search experience by, 43–45 relevancy feature, 13
Search User Interface (Hearst), 154
searching
basics of web searching, teaching, 108–109
keyword searches and pulling up items out of context, 105–106 with keyword terms and adding
“databases,” 122
“Searching the Deep Web” (guide), 129 “Searching the Deep Web” (video), 126 “Searching with Success!” (video), 126 second layer of Invisible Web.
See specialized research
resources
“The Second Index” (Stalder and Mayer), 44
“The Secret Web” (guide), 129
Seeking Synchronicity (report), 29
Semantic Web, 18–19, 162–163
Sense-Making the Information Confluence (report), 29 server farms, 6 Sherman, Chris, 98, 106 Siegel, David, 19 Silver, David, 47 Simons, Kevin, 121 Sin, Sei-Ching Joanna, 48 Siri, 158
size of Invisible Web, 15–16 SlideFinder, 149
smartphones, 49, 50–51 social bookmarking, 18, 48 “Social Bookmarking” (guide),
130 social media
as search tool, 159–161
teaching the Invisible Web with, 112–113
“Social Media Use in the Research Workflow,” 45–46 Social Mention, 142 social networking, 9, 17–18
social networking sites (SNS), studies on impact of, 45–49
Social Science Research Network (SSRN), 18, 46, 150, 160–161 “Social Search” (McDonnell and Shiri),
48
specialized research resources (2nd layer of Invisible Web) list of, 143–147
overview, 137, 142–143 subscription databases as, 143 specialized researchers’ interest in
Invisible Web, 22 specialized social networks, 18 Spencer, Brett, 10
spiders, 5
split-level searching, 122 Stalder, Felix, 43
state and single-institution studies of information-seeking behavior, 34–38
static results, 7 students
research, basic tools for, 138–140 Wikipedia, use of, 48
studies of information-seeking behavior. See also specific
studies
behaviors during invisible web searching, 41
behaviors during visible web searching, 39
CIBER Google Generation Research Programme, 34 Google Books, studies on impact
of, 42–43
Google Scholar, studies on impact of, 38, 42
mobile devices and apps, studies on impact of, 49–53
national studies, 30–34, 35 overview, 27–29
overview studies, 29–30 social networking sites (SNS),
studies on impact of, 45–49 state and single-institution
studies, 34–38
why users like/dislike using visible web, 40
subject breakdown for Invisible Web resources, 151
subscription databases overview, 8
as second layer research tools, 143 Sullivan, Danny, 100, 103
SuperSearch (LaGuardia Community College/CUNY), 104–105 support for information, verifying,
102 surfacing, 7, 21
survey given to educators and librarians about the Invisible Web, 167–168
analysis of, 72–73, 84
discussion of individual questions, 68–83
overview, 67–68
t
tablets, 49
tags applicable to Invisible Web resources, 137
Tann, N., 124
teaching the Invisible Web
compare-and-contrast activities used to introduce the Invisible Web, 127–128 curriculum for, 108–111
elementary school level, teaching Invisible Web at, 108
graphics, introducing the Invisible Web with, 111–112, 120–125 high school level, teaching
Invisible Web at, 108 information context, 118–120 levels of instruction, 107–108 overview, 63–67, 117–118 presenting the Invisible Web,
110–111
primary school level, teaching Invisible Web at, 108 with social media, 112–113 tutorials and guides used to
introduce the Invisible Web, 128–129
teaching the Invisible Web (continued) videos, introducing the Invisible
Web with, 125–127 Web-searching basics, 108–109 TechXtra, 145
Tenopir, Carol, 156
third layer of Invisible Web (advanced research) resources, 137, 147–150
“Those Dark Hiding Places” (Lackie), 101
time constraints as difficulty with research, 107
“Timeline of Events Related to the Deep Web” (timeline), 130 Timpson, Helen, 98, 102
Topsy, 128, 141–142 Tor Project, 15
traditional technology-based definition of Invisible Web, 4–12
tutorials and guides used to introduce the Invisible Web, 128–129 21st Century Information Fluency
Project, 129 Twitter
faculty use of, 47
limited use of Twitter for research purposes, 113
“Types of Information Sources” (video), 119
U
“The Ultimate Guide to the Invisible Web,” 16
United States Common Core State Standards Initiative for English Language Arts, 108 URL (Universal Resource Locator), 7 “Using Mobile Devices for Research”
(Murphy), 50
“Using the Metaphor of the ‘Deep’ or ‘Invisible’ Web” (slide show), 125
v
Vaidhyanathan, Siva, 44 Valenza, Joyce, 18 Varian, Hal R., 16 vertical search tools, 17
videos, introducing the Invisible Web with, 125–127
Voice of the Shuttle (VOS), 138–139 Vollmer, Timothy, 52
W
Walters, William, 42
Watson (IBM computer), 154–155 “Web 3.0” (video), 130
“The Web is Dead, Long Live the Internet” (Anderson and Wolff ), 163
“What Is the Deep Web?” (video), 127 “What Is the ‘Invisible Web’?” (Gil), 16 “What is the Invisible Web? How Can
You Search It? Why Would You Want To?” (tutorial), 129 Wikipedia
reliability of, 92 student use of, 48 wikis, 18 Wolff, Michael, 163 Wolfram|Alpha, 157–158 Worland, Chris, 124 WorldCat app, 51 Worldwidescience.org, 143 Wouters, Paul, 6, 12 y
Yoo-Lee, Eun Young, 48 Yovisto, 149
Yummly, 141
z
Zhang, Zhen, 16 Zillman, Marcus, 16