(OSHQVDPLHQWRGH-RVp&DUORV0DULiWHJXL
-RVp+XPEHUWR)ORUHV0 6 %1 D' 5 E$ 6 % % $6 & 6%1$ $6% % $
,QWURGXFFLyQ
6 $ & D'5E$@ $ % $ ' % E$ % $%< 1 @ 1 % & % & 3 & %' & %
E$ ' 9& < % 1% @ % & % < %%
"
/ & E$ 0 % & =%> E$ = <
' 1>* 6 %
%
F& ' $9 %$1- $ % 1 $ 6 % = >1%
(- & &93 B
5- 0 3G
"6' %
/D(VFHQD&RQWHPSRUiQHD6LHWH (QVD\RVGHODUHDOLGDG3HUXDQD3HUXDQLFHPRVDO3HU~
*?04HII6J?0/49KF/DDXWRQRPtDLQWHOHFWXDOGH0DULiWHJXL$QXDULR0DULDWHJXLDQR
6L 6 9: ' & $ & / % & $ / 6 < 6 % M <N 3 /$ % <% 6 % %&
6% E$$%
1 % < 3 & % & & < % % 1 &< %& 5
G %E$%<%&$ 6 % % < 69% %$ % 6 = > <
=% % >. 6
'<& /& < & % & % &
6 % E$ &@& 9& =FRQVLGHUD TXH OD FRQWULEXFLyQ GH 0DU[ FRQVLVWLy HQ FUHDU XQ PpWRGR GH LQWHUSUHWDFLyQKLVWyULFDGHODVRFLHGDGDFWXDO/RSURSLRGHOPDWHULDOLVPRKLVWyULFR HV OR PHWRGROyJLFR HV GHFLU XQ FDPLQR LQWHOHFWXDO SDUD DSUR[LPDUVH D XQD UHDOLGDG>+6 $ <
6 $ 7 '8 % E$ % ! %1 $ & 61% << $
L
/D HGDG GH SLHGUD 1 E$ %
& / %1 & % 16()(L()() 6E$% )*(&&
& 5HO YLDMH D (XURSDE$ =1>
()()()"*=1% >E$ % & 1 6 O 1 => E$ & <
:6 ' E$'
DPDXWD = > ' 1 6
E$ && 9
.E9IP46?0DF/H59IF/3HUXDQLFHPRVDO3HU~6 9()+#.(
+?04HII6J ?0/49KF2S &LW LL ? ?'
I% % 6
6 $ % E$ % <6 8 6$ $ & E$ &$ F
6% E$ &%$ &5 %19 E$ & & < 5 &E$% & %1 < 5 <
6% 6 E$ & %& & 5! %& 5 &6 & & 1 9'E$ <<
6 & D'5E$' 6% % ! 6 ! $! & $ 6 6$ % 1 6 E$ % %&
'
((OSUREOHPDGHOLQGLRFRPRSUREOHPDQDFLRQDO
E$ % & / % %
9 %& 9'<&
A % 1 / % % OD
JHQHUDFLyQ GH , 1
,5G6FI6?059IF//D*HQHUDFLyQGH)LORVRItDHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD&
059 // "##*6% G % 9' & %'
GIFD9/EE?06,QGRDPpULFD
6 E& %& 6 D / 9 5D'K
D' K %/D UD]D FyVPLFD ,QGRORJtD % 9'
& 5G% /D JHQHUDFLyQ GH %
=(Q/DUD]DFyVPLFD9DVFRQFHORVWUDWDGHUHVSRQGHUDLQWHUURJDQWHVFRPR TXpOXJDURFXSD,EHURDPpULFDHQHOFRQMXQWRGHODFXOWXUDPXQGLDO\TXp DSRUWDEDHOPHVWL]DMHLEHURDPHULFDQRDODKLVWRULDXQLYHUVDOHQXQWLHPSR HQHOTXHHQ(XURSDVHGDEDHODXJHGHOQD]LVPR\VXUDFLVPREHOLJHUDQWH GHVGH XQD FRQFHSFLyQ LGyODWUD GH OD UD]D DULD 9LVWRV HVWRV SHOLJURV 9DVFRQFHORV VH FXHVWLRQD TXp SRVLELOLGDGHV KDEUtD GH DSXQWDU KDFLD XQD FXOWXUD GHO HVStULWX TXH SXULILFDUD D OD KXPDQLGDG GH VXV WHQGHQFLDV UDFLVWDV 6X WHVLV VH RULHQWDED KDFLD XQ ILQDO GH ODV UD]DV D WUDYpV GH OD LPSRVLFLyQ GH XQ PHVWL]DMH XQLYHUVDO TXH OOHYDUD D OD XQLILFDFLyQ GH OD KXPDQLGDG < HQ HVD PDJQD WDUHD 9DVFRQFHORV FRQVLGHUDED TXH $PpULFD HUDHOFRQWLQHQWHFDSD]GHUHDOL]DUHVDVtQWHVLVGHORJUDUODUD]DFyVPLFD EDVDGDHQXQDLJXDOGDGHVHQFLDOGHORVVHUHVKXPDQRVµ
6,QGRORJtDK$
=/D ,QGRORJtD UHSUHVHQWDED XQD DPSOLDFLyQ \ FRQWLQXDFLyQ GH /D UD]D FyVPLFD HQ OD PHGLGD TXH VH GHPRUDED HQ FRQFUHWDU ORV SDVRV TXH OD KXPDQLGDGKDEUtDGDGR\D\WHQGUtDTXHGDUHQHOIXWXURSDUDFRQVHJXLUHO PHVWL]DMH GH OD UD]D FyVPLFD 9DVFRQFHORV SUHVHQWD HQ HVWH OLEUR FLQFR HVWDGLRV GH SURJUHVR KXPDQR GHVGH HO HVWDGR SUHWRULDQR EDUEDULH GHPRFUiWLFR *UHFLD \ (XURSD GHO VLJOR ;,; HFRQyPLFR LPSHULDOLVPR WpFQLFR VRFLHGDG RUJDQL]DGD \ GLULJLGD SRU KXPDQLVWDV \ DO ILQDO HO HVWDGLRILORVyILFRRHVWpWLFRGHOTXHVDOtDODUD]DFyVPLFDµ
K % %& / 9% % 1 < & = > %& 1 5 & % & %
PRPHQWRV GHO LQGLJHQLVPR HQ 0p[LFR5 E' E' ():#! 9?F 59IG9F
9@4F@F3UyORJR D -RVp 9DVFRQFHORV6 5 -$ E (),) F
?F@JP6J59J939E9@06MN/D5HYROXFLyQ0H[LFDQDDQWH
HO SHQVDPLHQWR GH -RVp &DUORV 0DULiWHJXL 51 6 ?% 4%
E'(),#
)G6FI6?059IF/2S&LW(#4%'K9/5F@56F/DF/H/DUD]D&yVPLFD
PLVLyQGHODUD]DLEHURDPHULFDQDQRWDVGHYLDMHDOD$PpULFDGHO6XU9E %&<&8G()":
(#G6FI6?0 59IF/2S &LW (( K9/5F@56F/ DF/H,QGRORJtD XQD
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODFXOWXUDLEHURDPHULFDQD9E %&G()". 9 $ G %
K ?9F/ DF/H3HQVDPLHQWR GH /HQJXD HVSDxROD6 G E'
()L#K I 0 @ E'
3RUPLUD]DKDEODUiHOHVStULWX6% 9'
% & &%1 % &&&
(OSUREOHPDGHOLQGLRHQHOFRQWH[WRSHUXDQR
9 1 < &$ %6 ' % 1
("
% & 6 $&
6% < 1 % % K % % ' % ! ' 3 8 & 1& 8& %& & 6 $ ' < & < I &
(*
0 % % E ?$ < 1 & %& 1 (,,, ? <&(L
=&RQODVPXFKHGXPEUHVOLEUHVDXQTXHLQGLVFLSOLQDGDVGHOD5HYROXFLyQ )UDQFLDPDUFKyDODYLFWRULDFRQORVHMpUFLWRVGHLQGLRVGLVFLSOLQDGRV\ VLQ OLEHUWDG HO 3HU~ LUi VLHPSUH D OD GHUURWD 6L GHO LQGLR KLFLPRV XQ VLHUYR¢TXpSDWULDGHIHQGHUi"µ
?$ < 8 & / &% & & %& 5 E$ %
((5IFE6IF5949@9(OSUREOHPDGHORVLQGLRV\HOSUREOHPDGHOLQGLRHQORVWLHPSRV
GH 0DULiWHJXL/D DYHQWXUD GH 0DULiWHJXL QXHYDV SHUVSHFWLYDVB 6 <0 5 <()):L++8L)+6% %
D' 5 E$ 4%' ?9I5Q9 5P56I6/ 0I6(O WHPD GH
PHVWL]DMH HQ ODV REUDV GH -RVp &DUORV 0DULiWHJXL \ GH -RVp 8ULHO *DUFtD$QXDULR 0DULDWHJXLDQRK+@#+6 9()):".+8"+(
("5IFE6IF5949@9L+)$DG %
&UyQLFD6I0RQRJUDItDGH3XQR()",3HU~SRUORVVHQGHURVGH $PpULFDE'()::!D'96&DXVDVGHODFULPLQDOLGDGLQGtJHQD()()
(*5
,ELGL,L
(L6 9
% % & ?$ < & & $ 1 6 % & & &
(:?F@JP6J<I939E9@063iJLQDVOLEUHV+RUDVGHOXFKDG%95
6 ?$< E$ % % ' / % ?$< & &
?$ < % / % < ' % & % % < E$ % 1& % 6 $ /%E$$ % %6% D'9
=&XDQGRODSHQHWUDFLyQLPSHULDOLVWD\HOGHVDUUROORFDSLWDOLVWDDJXGL]DQ ODV WHQVLRQHV GHO PXQGR UXUDO SHUXDQR \ DFHOHUDQ OD LUUXSFLyQ GH ODV PDVDVLQGtJHQDVHQODYLGDQDFLRQDOVXUJHGHVGHHOLQWHULRUGHDTXHOOD FRUULHQWH HO JUXSR PiV UDGLFDO GH LQWHOHFWXDOHV SURFOLYH D SODQWHDU HO SUREOHPDHQWpUPLQRVGHFXHVWLyQQDFLRQDO<HVVLQGXGDODYLQFXODFLyQ HVWUHFKD FRQ HVWH JUXSR GH ´LQGLJHQLVWDVµOR TXH SHUPLWH D0DULiWHJXL HQFDUDUHOSUREOHPDGHOLQGLRGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDRULJLQDOHQHOTXH VHFRORFD$OUHKXVDUVHFRQVLGHUDUORFRPRFXHVWLyQQDFLRQDO0DULiWHJXL URPSHFRQXQDWUDGLFLyQIXHUWHPHQWHFRQVROLGDGDµ
6 9 E$ % %
´9LQFXODQGR HO SUREOHPD LQGtJHQD FRQ HO SUREOHPD GH OD WLHUUD HV GHFLU FRQ HO SUREOHPD GH ODV UHODFLRQHV GH SURGXFFLyQ 0DULiWHJXL HQFXHQWUD HQ OD HVWUXFWXUD DJUDULD SHUXDQD ODV UDtFHV GH DWUDVR GH OD QDFLyQ\ODVUD]RQHVGHODH[FOXVLyQGHODYLGDSROtWLFD\FXOWXUDOGHODV PDVDVLQGtJHQDVµ
6&?$< E$ %
%
F $ E$ K$ 5 %7HPSHVWDGGHORV$QGHV % & %1& 1
&()
(. DF/H 9I5R MN 0DULiWHJXL \ ORV RUtJHQHV GHO PDU[LVPR ODWLQRDPHULFDQR
,QWURGXFFLyQ 6 / E' ()+, L: 6 E$
(+,ELGL.
(,6% E$!%
E$ K$
()6 G6D9I -H54FI9LJHQFLD\ FDPELRHQVD\DQGRXQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQ
4%'K&I- 4"# & E$ &% % 9' & % 9' &
(OSUREOHPDGHOLQGLRHQ0DULiWHJXL
< %E$% 5 1 % % '%& <
B G"" %
& E$
6 % 6 :## %%9'6% % 8 2 E$% 1 &/%9 & % 6 6 & / & < % %
E$ 1 $ $ % & %&$ % 9E$ && & % & &
E$ & % OD H[WHULRULGDG
& & 6
EA "L <
"#5-9I@65S6IE9I49/DFXHVWLyQeWQLFRFXOWXUDOHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD(VWXGLDQWHV
FULVWLDQRV H LQGtJHQDV HQ OD UHYROXFLyQ/ E' (),+ (.: 5
%'-9293694FII6KQ54FI(OSUREOHPDGHOLQGLR2EUDV&RPSOHWDV4
(()"+(,L
"( 6 G6?6 B6I@9@390DULiWHJXL \ ODV
DQWLQRPLDV GHO LQGLJHQLVPR8WRStDV \ 3UD[LV /DWLQRDPHULFDQD@ (* G 9
"##(*.8:+!/DKHUHQFLDDQGLQDHQHOSUR\HFWRVRFLDOLVWDGH-RVp&DUORV0DULiWHJXL
(VWXGLRV GH )LORVRItD 3UiFWLFD H +LVWRULD GH ODV ,GHDVK E
9 $G6?6B6I@9@39(OLWLQHUDULR\OD%U~MXODHOYDQJXDUGLVPRHVWpWLFRSROtWLFRGH
-RVp&DUORV0DULiWHJXL6 G%G"##*"+8++
"" B G 906I EISF$QGHV LPDJLQDULRV
'LVFXUVRVGHOLQGLJHQLVPR/0I85G55())+6/59D93F4FEP/?/DQDUUDWLYD LQGLJHQLVWD SHUXDQD9 6 ())L 6 % T
"* 5 G6?6 B6I@9@39/D KHUHQFLD DQGLQD HQ HO SUR\HFWR VRFLDOLVWD GH -RVp &DUORV
0DULiWHJXL"G6I35-6U/S2G6I@9I3F,QGLJHQLVPRLQGLDQLGDG%ROHWtQGH ILORVRItD@)K*G9()),
"L 3 5 <
8 & ()()()L#
EA$% ,QGLJHQLVPR
'= &> & &
% ".
' $ % & 6 9& 8" % 8 6 8" % 8
& "+6&
6 %
=(O,QGLJHQLVPRQRIXHXQPRYLPLHQWRGHUHGHQFLyQGHORDXWyFWRQR VLQR XQ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH OD FXOWXUD FULROOD KDFLD XQ WHPD GH OD SHULIHULD (Q HVWH VHQWLGR HO LPSXOVR GH FRQVWLWXFLyQ GH OR LQGtJHQD GHO SHUtRGR FRPSUHQGLGR HQWUH ODV GpFDGDV GH \ VLJXH OD PLVPD OyJLFD TXH HO LPSXOVR GH LQFRUSRUDFLyQ GH LQQRYDFLRQHV H[WUDQMHUDVGHOSHUtRGRGHµ
$ &
$ ")/%%
E$% ' M N 6 % %& & E$ 9 E$ 9 $ E$ % & %
E$% $ ! $% 1 % /% % E$ &%
E$ % < '
":6 8( %$&
&
". 5 906I EISF$QGHV LPDJLQDULR 'LVFXUVRV GHO LQGLJHQLVPR())+
G6?6B6I@9@39/DKHUHQFLDDQGLQDHQHOSUR\HFWRVRFLDOLVWDGH-RVp&DUORV0DULiWHJXL
*
"+5906IEISF
$QGHVLPDJLQDULR'LVFXUVRVGHOLQGLJHQLVPR"+
",,ELG(#+
")59IIF2FI626/59IF/0LUNR/DXHU\ORVGLVFXUVRVGHOLQGLJHQLVPRSHUXDQR5
6 =9'>0()))"9 %
% EA % $QGHV ,PDJLQDULR GLVFXUVRV GH LQGLJHQLVPR 6
=(O SUREOHPD LQGtJHQD WDQ SUHVHQWH HQ OD SROtWLFD OD HFRQRPtD \ OD VRFLRORJtDQRSXHGHHVWDUDXVHQWHGHODOLWHUDWXUD\HODUWHµ
9 E$= > % 6 ' E$ ' %'
G B G E$ % &
' &*( 5 % %
%% /%E$% ! % &
/ G E$ & '8& QXHYD JHQHUDFLyQ & $PDXWD E$ %% % %& &E$% & ! % % & 1 & & 9' 6 & %
=/D OLWHUDWXUD LQGLJHQLVWD QR SXHGH GDUQRV XQD YLVLyQ ULJXURVDPHQWH YHULVWD GHO LQGLR 7LHQH TXH LGHDOL]DUOR \ HVWLOL]DUOR 7DPSRFR SXHGH GDUQRVVXSURSLDiQLPD(VWRGDYtDXQDOLWHUDWXUDGHPHVWL]RV3RUHVRVH OODPD LQGLJHQLVWD \ QR LQGtJHQD 8QD OLWHUDWXUD LQGtJHQD VL GHEH YHQLU YHQGUi D VX WLHPSR &XDQGR ORV SURSLRV LQGLRV HVWpQ HQ JUDGR GH SURGXFLUODµ
5$E$1 '&
&** %
8& 6 & < %
*#E9IP46?0DF/H59IF/6LHWHHQVD\RVGHODUHDOLGDGSHUXDQD6 9()+)
",+
*( 5 G6?6 B6I@9@390DULiWHJXL \ ODV DQWLQRPLDV GHO LQGLJHQLVPR L*
(O LWLQHUDULR \ OD EU~MXOD HO YDQJXDUGLVPR HVWpWLFRSROtWLFR GH -RVp &DUORV 0DULiWHJXL & " /D DUWLFXODFLyQ GHO DUWH \ OD SROtWLFD HQ HO SUR\HFWR PDULDWHJXLDQRL+8+)
*"E9IP46?0DF/H59IF/2S&LW()+)"L"
** 9 G & / < I% <
()#,()(" ()()()*#? ()#, D'
< ()(" 6()() < M 1& N
5 6
< < 5 ()"L ()")
% M& VF &VN
/$5": ()*#B <
()*" / % &
' % ' 94 & ' & & <G
´0DULiWHJXLSDUWtDGHODEDVHGHTXHODLGHDGHQDFLyQQRKDEtDFXPSOLGR D~QVXWUD\HFWRULDQLKDEtDDJRWDGRVXPLVLyQKLVWyULFD&RQVLGHUDEDTXH HO LQGLR GHEtD LQFRUSRUDUVH D XQD UHYROXFLyQ VRFLDOLVWD SDUD LQVWDXUDU MXQWR FRQ ORV GHPiV VHFWRUHV XQD QXHYD QDFLRQDOLGDG SHUXDQD LQWHJUDOµ
/ E$ $ &/% %& $ G % $ ' E$
O E$ $ 3 & E$ 6 $ % %% %$% << % %$% B G %1 &<
/DSURSXHVWDGH0DULiWHJXL
5 $ E$ @ % &E$ % 6 % % 6 $ &6 &=& > %&%
6 & E$ %& % & 6 $ & % E%& E$ & & '%% '&% &% 8
´7RGDV ODV WHVLV VREUH HO SUREOHPD LQGtJHQD TXH LJQRUDQ R HOXGHQ D pVWH FRPR SUREOHPD HFRQyPLFRVRFLDO VRQ RWURV WDQWRV HVWpULOHV
*L G6?6 B6I@9@39 /D KHUHQFLD DQGLQD HQ HO SUR\HFWR VRFLDOLVWD GH -RVp &DUORV
0DULiWHJXL,/ &
HMHUFLFLRVWHRUpWLFRVFRQGHQDGRVDXQDEVROXWRGHVFUpGLWR/DFUtWLFD VRFLDOLVWD OR GHVFXEUH \ HVFODUHFH SRUTXH EXVFD VXV FDXVDV HQ OD HFRQRPtD GHO SDtV \ QR HQ VX PHFDQLVPR DGPLQLVWUDWLYR MXUtGLFR R HFOHVLiVWLFR QL HQ VX GXDOLGDG R SOXUDOLGDG GH UD]DV QL HQ VXV FRQGLFLRQHV FXOWXUDOHV \ PRUDOHV /D FXHVWLyQ LQGtJHQD DUUDQFD GH QXHVWUDHFRQRPtD7LHQHVXVUDtFHVHQHOUpJLPHQGHODSURSLHGDGGH ODWLHUUDµ
6 E$ % %
% % *.
% & 6 %$ %
´6H WUDQVIRUPD HQ OD UHLYLQGLFDFLyQ ILUPH \ SRVLWLYD GH ODV UDtFHV SDUD XWLOL]DU XQD SDODEUD TXH WLHQH HO 0DULiWHJXL PDGXUR XQD IUHFXHQFLD DEUXPDGRUD (Q VX YLVLyQ QR VH SXHGH FRQVWUXLU SDUD HO SDtV XQ IXWXUR QXHYRPLUDQGRKDFLDHOSDVDGRFRPRXQPRGHOR3HURDOPLVPRWLHPSR QR VH SXHGH HGLILFDU XQ 3HU~ DXWpQWLFDPHQWH UHQRYDGR SUHVFLQGLHQGR GH ODV UDtFHV (Q HO FRQWH[WR HVSHFtILFR GHO PXQGR DQGLQR HVWR VLJQLILFD MXVWDPHQWHHQIUHQWDUVHFRQHOSUREOHPDLQGtJHQDHQVXSUHVHQWH\HQOD KHUHQFLDGHOSDVDGRTXHFRQOOHYD(QRWUDVSDODEUDVVLJQLILFDHOUHFKD]R GH WRGR HXURFHQWULVPR LQFOX\HQGR OR TXH GH HXURFHQWULVPR VLJXH H[LVWLHQGRGHQWURGHOPLVPRPDU[LVPRµ
E$% ?$< %& % 5 <
=1RHVSRVLEOHFRPSUHQGHUODUHDOLGDGSHUXDQDVLQEXVFDUQLPLUDUHOKHFKR HFRQyPLFR /D QXHYD JHQHUDFLyQ QR OR VDEH WDO YH] GH XQ PRGR H[DFWR 3HURORVLHQWHGHXQPRGRPX\HQpUJLFR6HGDFXHQWDGHTXHHOSUREOHPD IXQGDPHQWDO GHO 3HU~ TXH HV GHO LQGLR \ GH OD WLHUUD HV DQWH WRGR XQ SUREOHPD GH OD HFRQRPtD SHUXDQD 7LHQHQ HO SHFDGR RULJLQDO GH OD &RQTXLVWD (O SHFDGR GH KDEHU QDFLGR \ KDEHUVH IRUPDGR VLQ HO LQGLR \ FRQWUDHOLQGLRµ
E$ % % % & 1& ' $ 6 % ' < E$ & % % ' %& 9& &
*:E9I946?0DF/H59IF/6LHWHHQVD\RV*(8*"
*. 5 9I5R DF/H MN0DULiWHJXL \ ORV RUtJHQHV GHO PDU[LVPR /DWLQRDPHULFDQR
,QWURGXFFLyQ 6 / E' ()+, *. 6 %& 4A$%9% %
*+ E6/ 9@4F@F/H\HQGR D 0DULiWHJXL6 9 ())) (),8()) 5
9 I % & /D 3DUiEROD
PDULDWHJXLDQD GH $QWRQLR 0HOLV5 6 4%1 =9' > 0 6U%TTW%% TT*
< & % & % % & E$ % '
=3DUD HO QDFLRQDOLVPR UHDFFLRQDULR ODV UDtFHV GH OD QDFLRQDOLGDG UHVXOWDQ VHU KLVSiQLFDV R ODWLQDV HQ RSRVLFLyQ D HVH HVStULWX OD YDQJXDUGLD FXOWXUDO HQ HO 3HU~ SURSXJQD SRU OD UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD QDFLyQVREUHODEDVHGHOLQGLR/DQXHYDJHQHUDFLyQUHLYLQGLFDQXHVWUR SDVDGRQXHVWUDYHUGDGHUDKLVWRULDµ
E$ &A %$ %1%
6 D\OOX
% 6 D\OOX 1%
& $ % %$ % 6%
=/RV FRQTXLVWDGRUHV GHVWUX\HURQ VLQ SRGHU QDWXUDOPHQWH UHPSOD]DUOD HVWD IRUPLGDEOH PiTXLQD GH SURGXFFLyQ /D VRFLHGDG LQGtJHQD OD HFRQRPtD LQFDLFD VH GHVFRPSXVR \ DQRQDGR FRPSOHWDPHQWH DO JROSH GH OD FRQTXLVWD 5RWRV ORV YtQFXORV GH VX XQLGDG OD QDFLyQ VH GLVROYLy HQ FRPXQLGDGHV GLVSHUVDV (O WUDEDMR LQGtJHQDFHVyGHIXQFLRQDUGHXQPRGRVROLGDULR\RUJiQLFRµ
5 & & ' & < < 9 & %
L(
=/D SUiFWLFD GHO H[WHUPLQLR GH OD SREODFLyQ LQGtJHQD \ GH OD GHVWUXFFLyQGHVXVLQVWLWXFLRQHVHPSREUHFtD\GHVDQJUDEDHOIDEXORVR SDtV JDQDGR SRU ORV FRQTXLVWDGRUHV SDUD HO 5H\ GH (VSDxD HQ XQD PHGLGDTXHpVWRVQRHUDQFDSDFHVGHSHUFLELUQLDSUHFLDU/DFRGLFLD GH ORV PHWDOHV SUHFLRVRV HPSXMy D ORV HVSDxROHV D RFXSDUVH SUHIHUHQWHPHQWHHQODPLQHUtD6XLQWHUpVSXJQDEDSRUFRQYHUWLUHQXQ SXHEOR PLQHUR DO TXH EDMR ORV LQFDV \ GHVGH VXV UHPRWRV RUtJHQHV KDEtD VLGR XQ SXHEOR IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH DJUDULR 'H KHFKR QDFLy OD QHFHVLGDG GH LPSRQHU DO LQGLR OD GXUD OH\ GH OD HVFODYLWXG /RV FRQTXLVWDGRUHV HVWDEOHFLHURQ FRQ HO VLVWHPD GH ODV PLWDV HO WUDEDMR IRU]DGRDUUDQFDQGRDOLQGLRGHVXVXHOR\VXVFRVWXPEUHVµ
E$ % $ 6LHWH HQVD\RV GH OD UHDOLGDG
SHUXDQD & $ E$ 1 I% % 6 %& 6 % I% % & & &
*)E9IP46?0DF/H59IF/2EUDV&RPSOHWDVK("+L
L#E9IP46?0DF/H59IF/6LHWHHQVD\RVGHODUHDOLGDGSHUXDQD()+)(:
L( 5 9E639 BI6332 6REUH HO SUREOHPD LQGtJHQD 0DULiWHJXL 8QLGDG \
3HQVDPLHQWR6 0 (),.*((8*(,
'% %1 ' & % ' & % < &&&
=(OJXDQR\HOVDOLWUHVXVWDQFLDVJURVHUDV\KXPLOGHVOHVWRFyMXJDUHQ ODJHVWDGHOD5HS~EOLFDXQSDSHOTXHKDEtDSDUHFLGRUHVHUYDGRDORUR\ D OD SODWD (O LQGXVWULDOLVPR HXURSHR \ RFFLGHQWDO QHFHVLWDED DEDVWHFHUVHGHHVWDVPDWHULDVHQHOOHMDQROLWRUDOGHOVXUGHO3DFtILFR $ODH[SORWDFLyQGHORVGRVSURGXFWRVQRVHRSRQtDGHRWURODGRFRPR DRWURVSURGXFWRVDQGLQRVHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRUXGLPHQWDULR\SULPLWLYR GH ORV WUDQVSRUWHV WHUUHVWUHV 0LHQWUDV TXH SDUD H[WUDHU GH ODV HQWUDxDV GH ORV $QGHV HO RUR OD SODWD HO FREUH HO FDUEyQ VH WHQtDQ TXHVDOYDUiVSHUDVPRQWDxDV\HQRUPHVGLVWDQFLDVHOVDOLWUH\HOJXDQR \DFtDQHQODFRVWDDODOFDQFHGHORVEDUFRVTXHYHQtDQDEXVFDUORVµ
&% % & % I% % % % % % % 4 1 % & & & 6 < ? <&
´«OD JXHUUD GHO 3DFtILFR FRQVHFXHQFLD GHO JXDQR \ HO VDOLWUH QR FDQFHOyODVRWUDVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGHOGHVFXEULPLHQWR\GHODH[SORWDFLyQ GH HVWRV UHFXUVRV FX\D SpUGLGD QRV UHYHOy WUiJLFDPHQWH HO SHOLJUR GH XQD SURVSHULGDG HFRQyPLFD DSR\DGD \ FLPHQWDGD FDVL H[FOXVLYDPHQWH VREUH OD SRVHVLyQ GH XQD ULTXH]D QDWXUDO /D KLVWRULD GH QXHVWUD SRVJXHUUD OR GHPXHVWUD /D GHUURWD FRQ OD SpUGLGD GH ORV WHUULWRULRV GHOVDOLWUHFDXVyXQODUJRFRODSVRGHODVIXHU]DVSURGXFWRUDVµ
& < ' ' % % & 1 &$ 9 % 1 $ 1 % < 6 E$ %1 &
E$ & '% & % % $ < < ' & $ $ %& '
L*,ELG(#
%1 1 -%& & &
='HVGHORVSULPHURVWLHPSRVGHODLQGHSHQGHQFLDODOXFKDGHIDFFLRQHV\ GH MHIHV PLOLWDUHV DSDUHFH FRPR XQD FRQVHFXHQFLD GH OD IDOWD GH XQD EXUJXHVtD RUJiQLFD (V D PL MXLFLR LQGLVFXWLEOH TXH VL HQ YH] GH XQD PHGLRFUH PHWDPRUIRVLV GH OD DQWLJXD FODVH GRPLQDQWH VH KXELHVH RSHUDGR HO DGYHQLPLHQWR GH XQD FODVH GH VDYLD \ HODQ QXHYRV HVWH SURFHVRKDEUtDDYDQ]DGRPiVRUJiQLFDPHQWHµ
% 1 $ <
=/D FODVH WHUUDWHQLHQWH QR KD ORJUDGR WUDQVIRUPDUVH HQ XQD EXUJXHVtD FDSLWDOLVWD SDWURQD GH OD HFRQRPtD QDFLRQDO/D PLQHUtD HO FRPHUFLR \ ORV WUDQVSRUWHV VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ PDQRV GHO FDSLWDO H[WUDQMHUR (VWH VLVWHPD HFRQyPLFR KD PDQWHQLGR HQ OD DJULFXOWXUD XQD RUJDQL]DFLyQ VHPLIHXGDOTXHFRQVWLWX\HHOPiVSHVDGRODVWUHGHOGHVDUUROORGHOSDtV (Q HO 3HU~ QR KHPRV WHQLGR HQ FLHQ DxRV GH 5HS~EOLFD XQD YHUGDGHUD FODVH FDSLWDOLVWD /D DQWLJXD FODVH IHXGDO FDPXIODGD R GLVIUD]DGD GH EXUJXHVtDUHSXEOLFDQDKDFRQVHUYDGRVXVSRVLFLRQHVµ
@& & %1 %1 6 %1 % 2 E$ %1 %' ' $ < E$ %& % &% %1
´6yOR FXDQGR HO LQGLR REWHQJD SDUD Vt HO UHQGLPLHQWR GH VX WUDEDMR DGTXLULUiOD FDOLGDG GHFRQVXPLGRU \ SURGXFWRU TXH OD HFRQRPtD GH XQD QDFLyQ PRGHUQD QHFHVLWD GH WRGRV VXV LQGLYLGXRV &XDQGR VH KDEOD GH SHUXDQLGDG KDEUtD TXH HPSH]DU SRU LQYHVWLJDU VL HVWD SHUXDQLGDG FRPSUHQGHDOLQGLR6LQHOLQGLRQRKD\SHUXDQLGDGSRVLEOHµL+
6%&< '6% $ % & $ %& < 6! % % % & &
L,
L:,ELG("
L.,ELG*(8*"
L+E9IP46?0DF/H59IF/2EUDV&RPSOHWDV9()+#*"
/DFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODQDFLyQ\HOPXQGRLQGtJHQD
5 E$% % $ %& & % & 6 < % % %1 &
< E$ % % & & <E$%
=/R TXH DILUPR SRU PL FXHQWD HV TXH GH OD FRQIOXHQFLD R DOLDFLyQ GH LQGLJHQLVPR\VRFLDOLVPRQDGLHTXHPLUHDOFRQWHQLGR\DODHVHQFLDGH ODV FRVDV SXHGH VRUSUHQGHUVH (O VRFLDOLVPR RUGHQD \ GHILQH ODV UHLYLQGLFDFLRQHV GH ODV PDVDV GH OD FODVH WUDEDMDGRUD < HQ HO 3HU~ ODV PDVDV OD FODVH WUDEDMDGRUD VRQ HQ WUHV FXDUWDV SDUWHV LQGtJHQDV 1XHVWURVRFLDOLVPRQRVHUtDSXHVSHUXDQRQLVLTXLHUDVRFLDOLVPRVLQR VHVROLGDUL]DVHSULPHUDPHQWHFRQODVUHLYLQGLFDFLRQHVLQGtJHQDVµ
@% E$% %6E$%$ % %' % 9& % 9 % % 6 % & $ ' & 6 & %
9 % % E % %' $ $ E$ %$ & = > 8 < $ $ % % %
5 & E$ % & % < < % % < % & ! & % %& %$ & $ 5%& 6 %& & E$ & < $ 1
:# 5 E$ % &
L)E9IP46?0DF/H59IF/,GHRORJtD\SROtWLFD6 9()+,"(+
:#?6IE9@P5H/9I(OVRFLDOLVPR,QGRDPHULFDQRGH-RVp&DUORV0DULiWHJXLSUR\HFWRGH
5 & % 9'
=(O FROHFWLYLVPR DJUDULR GH ODV FRPXQLGDGHV WHUPLQDED SRU GLIHUHQFLDU FRQ QLWLGH] D OD HVWUXFWXUD DJUDULD SHUXDQD GH FXDOTXLHU SDtV HXURSHR (QWRQFHV QR VH SRGtDQ LPSRUWDU \ UHSHWLU PHFiQLFDPHQWH ORV UD]RQDPLHQWRV GH ORV UHYROXFLRQDULRV HXURSHRV 6LQ ORV FDPSHVLQRV HUD LPSRVLEOHODUHYROXFLyQHOORVFRPSHQVDUtDQFUHFLHQWHPHQWHODGHELOLGDG QXPpULFD GH ORV REUHURV SHUR SDUD FRQWDU FRQ OD DFFLyQ FDPSHVLQD HUD LPSUHVFLQGLEOHTXHHOVRFLDOLVPRIXHUDXQDJDUDQWtDGHODYLGDUXUDOHQHO 3HU~µ
5 &E$%&5 I% 6 % %& < $% % &
´FUHHPRV TXH HQWUH ODV SREODFLRQHV ´DWUDVDGDVµ QLQJXQD FRPR OD SREODFLyQ LQFDLFD UH~QH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV WDQ IDYRUDEOHV SDUD HO FRPXQLVPRDJUDULRVXEVLVWHQWHHQHVWUXFWXUDVFRQFUHWDV\HQXQKRQGR HVStULWXFROHFWLYLVWDEDMRODKHJHPRQtDGHODFODVHSUROHWDULDHVXQD GHODVEDVHVPiVVyOLGDVGHODVRFLHGDGFROHFWLYLVWDSUHFRQL]DGDSRUHO PDU[LVPRµ
9%B? E$
=UHYHODU OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD KLVWRULD HQ XQ SDtV GRQGH HO SDVDGR VLJQLILFD D YHFHV XQD GXUD FDUJD GH IUXVWUDFLRQHV SHUR WDPELpQ XQ VXVWHQWR SDUD OD HVSHUDQ]D DGPLWLU TXH HQ OD UHIOH[LyQ GHO PDU[LVPR WDPELpQWHQtDPRVTXHVHJXLURWURVGHUURWHURV(OPDU[LVPRHTXLYDOtD D OD H[SUHVLyQ PiV DOWD GHO SHQVDPLHQWR FUtWLFR \ pVWH VyOR VH FRQTXLVWDEDLQVHUWiQGRVHHQODWUDGLFLyQKLVWyULFDGHOSDtVµ
6 % E$ % < % &! 0 % % H % => % 1 &
Para Mariátegui está claro que no se debe ensayar el método liberal en América, ya que se fundamenta en una fórmula individualista. Se debe ensayar un método que regrese al problema agrario del Perú, lo cual significará la transformación del país por medio tres avenidas importantes: la supervivencia de la comunidad, los elementos del socialismo práctico y la vida indígena.
:(BFI6/?9@3F9G6I4F(OGHVFXEULPLHQWRGHOPXQGRDQGLQR$JRQtDGH0DULiWHJXL
2EUDV &RPSOHWDV WRPR B 9 /0I 5 6 ())LL**
:"E9IP46?0DF/H59IF/M()+)N6LHWH(QVD\RV.,
%,%/,2*5$)Ì$
(E9IP46?0DF/H59IF/2EUDV&RPSOHWDV9()+#
"E9IP46?0DF/H59IF/,GHRORJtD\SROtWLFD6 9()+) *E9IP46?0DF/H59IF/3HUXDQLFHPRVDO3HU~6 9()+# L E9IP46?0 DF/H 59IF/6LHWH HQVD\RV GH OD UHDOLGDG SHUXDQD 6 9()+)
:9E639 BI6332 6REUH HO SUREOHPD LQGtJHQD 0DULiWHJXL 8QLGDG \ 3HQVDPLHQWR6 0 (),.
.9I5RDF/HMN0DULiWHJXL\ORVRUtJHQHVGHOPDU[LVPRODWLQRDPHULFDQR 6 /E'()+,
+9IIF2FI626/59IF/0LUNR/DXHU\ORVGLVFXUVRVGHOLQGLJHQLVPRSHUXDQR 5 6 =9'>0()))
, G6?6 B6I@9@390DULiWHJXL \ ODV DQWLQRPLDV GHO LQGLJHQLVPR8WRStDV \ 3UD[LV/DWLQRDPHULFDQD@(*G9"##(
G6?6B6I@9@39/DKHUHQFLDDQGLQDHQHOSUR\HFWRVRFLDOLVWDGH-RVp&DUORV 0DULiWHJXL(VWXGLRV GH )LORVRItD 3UiFWLFD H +LVWRULD GH ODV ,GHDVK E "##*
(#G6?6B6I@9@39(OLWLQHUDULR\OD%U~MXODHOYDQJXDUGLVPRHVWpWLFRSROtWLFR GH-RVp&DUORV0DULiWHJXL6 G%G9"##*
(( G6D9I -H54FI 9LJHQFLD \ FDPELR HQVD\DQGR XQD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH 0DULiWHJXL$QXDULR 0DULDWHJXLDQRK + + 6 9 ()):
("G6FI6?059IF//D*HQHUDFLyQGH)LORVRItDHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD & 059// "##*
(* BFI6/ ?9@3F 9G6I4F(O GHVFXEULPLHQWR GHO PXQGR DQGLQR $JRQtD GH 0DULiWHJXL2EUDV&RPSOHWDVWRPRB 9 /0I5 6 ())L
(L ?9I5Q9 5P56I6/ 0I6(O WHPD GH PHVWL]DMH HQ ODV REUDV GH -RVp &DUORV 0DULiWHJXL \ GH -RVp 8ULHO *DUFtD$QXDULR 0DULDWHJXLDQRK + @# + 6 9()):
(: ?6IE9@P 5H/9I(O VRFLDOLVPR ,QGRDPHULFDQR GH -RVp &DUORV 0DULiWHJXL SUR\HFWR GH UHFRQVWLWXFLyQ GHO VHQWLGR KLVWyULFR GH OD VRFLHGDG SHUXDQD/ 56 9()):
(. ?04HII6J ?0/49KF/D DXWRQRPtD LQWHOHFWXDO GH 0DULiWHJXL$QXDULR 0DULDWHJXLDQRKK@+6 9()):
(+ -9I@65S6I E9I49 /D FXHVWLyQ eWQLFRFXOWXUDO HQ $PpULFD /DWLQD (VWXGLDQWHV FULVWLDQRV H LQGtJHQDV HQ OD UHYROXFLyQ/ E' (),+
(,E6/9@4F@F/H\HQGRD0DULiWHJXL6 9()))
() I626/ 59IF/ 9@4F@F /D 3DUiEROD PDULDWHJXLDQD GH $QWRQLR 0HOLV FRPHQWDULR5 6 4%1 =9' > 0 "##* 6 U%TTW%% TT* "# IFD9/ E E?06,QGRDPpULFD/RV FLHQ QRPEUHV GH $PpULFD G()))
"(IFE6IF5949@9(OSUREOHPDGHORVLQGLRV\HOSUREOHPDGHOLQGLRHQORV WLHPSRVGH0DULiWHJXL/DDYHQWXUDGH0DULiWHJXLQXHYDVSHUVSHFWLYDVB 6 <0 5 <()):
