7.2. La narración literaria como texto pleno
7.2.1. El sentimiento, estructurador implícito del texto narrativo
It is generally assumed that second- and third- generation Americans of southern European descent have adopted the majority American diet and meal patterns, preserving some tradi- tional dishes for special occasions. These assim- ilated Americans consume more milk and meat but less fish, fresh produce, and legumes than their ancestors. Olive oil is still used often, although not exclusively; pasta remains popular with Italians.
Nutritional Status
Nutritional Intake. Little research has been
conducted on the nutritional intake of southern European Americans. It can be assumed that they suffer from dietary deficiencies and excesses sim- ilar to those of the majority of Americans. A study of elderly Portuguese immigrants in Cambridge, Massachusetts, found that dinner was the main meal of the day, and the subjects had moderate intake of breads and grains and low intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy prod- ucts. Although dairy intake was low, many of the subjects ate sardines, a rich source of calcium. The subjects reported low consumption of sweets and alcohol, although the researcher stated that the Americanized Portuguese diet tends to be high in sugar and fat.44 One study comparing
body weights of American and Italian women with polycystic ovary syndrome found that though the BMIs for the American women were significantly higher, the total calorie intake and dietary constituents were similar, suggesting unknown genetic or lifestyle components may play a role.6
According to a survey of European dietary habits, a majority of the population in Italy con- sumes more plant products than protein, and approximately equal amounts of both are con- sumed in Spain.53In addition, meat consumption
is highest in the northern regions of these
nations, and lowest in the southern areas.36 In
general, the Mediterranean diet, which is typified in southern Italy and Spain, has been characterized as health promoting due to a high intake of com- plex carbohydrates, a high intake of protective phy- tochemicals, and a low intake of fat with a higher proportion of monounsaturated fats from olive oil as compared to saturated animal fats.15,55,58 The
greater emphasis on grains, legumes, vegetables, and fruits; lower intakes of meat and dairy foods; and promotion of wine in moderation differenti- ate the Mediterranean diet from that recom- mended by U.S. health officials.59However, a study
by the Italian Association for Cancer Research has found that cancer rates increased as food habits changed in Italy; pasta consumption has fallen, and meat intake has quadrupled since 1950; changes toward a more westernized diet are found in Spain and Portugal as well.14,39Rates of
overweight and obesity in Italian women are rela- tively low, but are over 50 percent in men. In Spain, rates exceed 50 percent for men and women; in Portugal, overweight and obesity in women approach 50 percent, and in men, 60 percent.30
Counseling. The conversational style of southern
Europeans is animated, warm, and expressive. Feelings are more important than objective facts in a discussion. Shaking hands with everyone in the room in greeting and leaving is appropriate; some men include pats on the back, and women may quickly embrace or kiss on the cheeks. Eye contact among elders tends to be frequent and quick, whereas younger people may prefer steady eye contact. Touching is very common, especially between members of the same sex. It has been noted that Italian-American clients are open, willing to detail symptoms with their health-care professional, and expressive with chronic pain— although some women may demonstrate high levels of modesty and may resist discussing per- sonal topics.28,54 Italian Americans may seek
medical advice from family and friends before consulting a health professional. They express preference for providers who are warm and empathetic (sympatico) and disdain those who are perceived as arrogant and unapproachable (superbo).
Recent Italian immigrants or those who are elders may be very concerned about the qualities of their blood or may have many gastrointestinal complaints. There may be confusion regarding 168 NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPEANS
An Italian proverb states that after age forty, a person can “expect a new pain every morning.” Some Italians believe that wine mixed with milk in the stomach causes too much acid, so milk is avoided at meals and consumed mostly with snacks.
Descendants of southern Europeans may have a higher incidence of lactose intolerance than other European groups. Alcohol consumption among the Basques in Spain is high, especially for men.1
Some diet books advocate a traditional Mediterranean diet to promote weight loss and lessen the risk of heart disease.
hypertension, which is considered “high” or “too much” blood, and anemia or low blood pressure, which is associated with “low” blood.48
Dietary requirements should be carefully detailed for some Italian Americans. Restrictions recommended for clients with diabetes may be ignored if daily social activities (i.e., coffee and pastries with friends) must be modified. Language difficulties may occur among elders or new immigrants.
Information regarding the counseling of Spanish Americans or Portuguese Americans is limited. The people of Spain and Portugal are tra- ditionally high context communicators and very polychronic, though many urban residents have more western monochronic viewpoints. A quick handshake is the customary greeting, and clients from southern Europe will typically sit and stand closer to each other than many Americans prefer. Direct eye contact is important.18A high rate of
illiteracy has been reported in the Portuguese- American population (40 percent of surveyed elders; 15 percent of recent immigrants). This should be taken into consideration when prepar- ing educational materials. An in-depth interview can be used to assess the client’s degree of accul- turation and traditional health practices, if any. Personal food preferences should be determined.
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Summarize the immigration patterns of
northern and southern Europeans.
2. Describe the American majority cultural
beliefs regarding health, and the origins of these beliefs.
3. Describe the traditional food habits of
England, Ireland, and Italy. List five of your favorite foods. Do any of these foods have their roots in Europe? Describe your typical meal cycle and meal composition. Are these similar to those of Europe?
4. What is the difference between Cajun and
Creole cooking? What are the origins of both styles of cooking?
5. Compare and contrast the immigrant experi-
ences of the Irish and Italians.
6. How did the new world foods (tomatoes, pota-
toes, corn, etc.) influence European foodways?
7. Why is Mediterranean diet considered
“healthy”? What is meant by the “French par- adox,” healthwise?
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